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VIED LIBERTY— MODEL IN 
E NATIONAL MUSEUM OF 
E STATUE SURM'OUNT- 
j THE CAPITOL DOME 




nty-fourth Edition. 



^f&r- 




■ 





WASHINGTON 



THE NATION'S CAPITAL 



By CHARLES B. REYNOLDS 




THE CAPITOL in 1840. 



WITH 200 ILLUSTRATIONS 

FOSTER & REYNOLDS 

NEW YORK 



Copyright, 1907, by Chfrles B. Reynolds. 



x 907 s<^< °I c ^ 



' /& 5 **© 

JUL 1 1984 I 

JRCEUNKN ,VN 




HOUSE EXTENSION, 









§ENATE EXTENSION. 



Powell's Painting in the Capitol. 






LANDING OF COLUMBUS ON SAN SALVADOR. 



THIS BOOK 

Is a complete and practical Handbook of Washington. It 
gives information that will add to one's convenience and 
pleasure here, and will enable the visitor to see Washington 
understandingly and to the very best advantage. 

Make use of the full Index on third page beyond. 

The Time Table on page 7 gives the hours to visit the 
public buildings. It will help plan the day's program. 

There is a Ready Reference Map on pages 14-15; with 
a large folded map in the back, which is the most accurate, 
complete and beautiful map of Washington ever made. 

More than 200 illustrations give an admirable series of 
views of all the objects of interest. Every care has been 
taken to make the book a delight to the eye; and the 
prose and the pictures will prove pleasant reminders of 
one's visit to Washington. 

NOTE. — The text and illustrations are copyrighted throughout. All persons are 
warded against infringement or dealing in any infringements. 



mderlyn's Painting in the Capitol. 




DE SOTO S DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 

CONTENTS. 

Page. 
Time Table, - - - - ■ - - - y 

Ready Reference, ----___ g 

The Capitol, -- - - - - - - -21 

The Library, -----___ cc 

The White House, --------- gj 

The Corcoran Art Gallery, - gg 

The Washington Monument, - 106 

The Treasury, - - 109 

State, War and Navy, - - - - - - ng 

Smithsonian and National Museum, - - - 124 

The Pension Building, - - - - - _ 129 

The Navy Yard, - - - - - - - i^ Q 

The Soldiers' Home, - - - - - - -133 

Arlington, - ----.___ l ^ 

Mount Vernon, ----____ I/L2 

[Alexandria, -- - -, =- . „ „ _ _ jfa 





BAPTISM OF POCAHONTAS. 
Chapman's Painting in the Capitol. 




EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS. 
Weir's Painting in the Capitol. 



Adams, J. 47 

Adams, J. Q. 34 

Adams, S. 34 

Agricultural Dept. 10 

Allen, Ethan 36 

Allen, Wm. 36 

Alexandria 163 

American University 11 

Anacostia 13 

Arlington Cemetery 135 

Arlington Mem. Bridge 13 

Army Medical Museum 10 

Arsenal 131 

Avenues 9 

Baker 32 

Bartholdi Fountain 11 

Bastile 144 

Bates 44 

Battle of Lake Erie 50 

Bedford 44 

Benning 13 

Benton 36 

Be-she-ke 44 

Bivouac of the Dead 138 

Bladensburg 13 

Blaine House 20 

Blair 36 

Boone 28. 44 

Botanical Gardens 11 

Brightwood 13 

British Legation 9, 121 

Brother Jonathan 40 

Bureau Engraving 1 10 

Bureaus 8 

Burgoyne 26 

Cab Fares 9 

Cabin John Bridge 13, 167 
Cabot 28 
Cameron 52 
Capitol 21 
Bronze Doors, 32, 48 
Clocks, 34, 44, 47 
Corner Stones 53 
Crypt S3 
Dome 24, 34 
Liberty Statue 24 
Guides 21 
History 21 
House 42 

Clock 44 

Committee Rooms 46 

Hall Representatives 42 

Lobby 44 

Mace 42 

Paintings 44 

Retiring Room 44 

Stairways 44 
Rotunda 26 

Canopy 28, 31 

Frieze 28 

Paintings 26 

Portico 24, 32 



INDEX. 

Capitol — Continued 

Statues 32 

Whispering Gallery 32 
Senate 46 

Chamber 46 

Committee Rooms 52 

District Room 48 

Marble Room 44 

Paintings 50 

Portico 24 

President's Room 47 

Reception Room 48 

Stairways 50, 52 

Vestibule 48 

Vice-Pres. Room 48 
Statuary Hall 34 
Supreme Court 46 
Capitol, Old 11 
Carnegie Library 12 
Carroll 36, 44 
Cars 9 
Cass 36 

Catholic University 11 
Cemeteries 7, 133 
Chapultepec 50 
Chase 44, 46 
Chevy-Chase 13 
Churches ('see Map) 
Christ Church 163 
Circles (see Map) 
Clarke 44 
Clay 47, 52 
Clay House 20 
Clinton 36 
Clock, Historical 34 
Collamer 36 
Columbia Institution 11 
Columbia University 11 
Columbus 26, 28, 32, 50 
Constitution, Frigate 120 
Continental Hall 2 
Cornstalk Columns 48 
Cornwallis 26 
Corcoran Gallery 99 
Corcoran House 20 
Cosmos Club 16, 20 
Crawford 50 
Crook 140 
Cunningham 142 
Custis, E. P. 148, 149 
Custis, G. W. P. 140 
Customs 116 

D. A. R. 13 

Dead-Letter Museum 10 
Decatur 20 
Declaration 26, 120 
Decoration Day 138 
De Grasse 17 
De Soto 26 
D'Estaing 17 
District of Columbia 11 
Dix 50 



Du Pont 16 
Duportail 17 

Electoral Commission 50 
Ellsworth 46 
Emancipation 44 
Embassies 9 
Evarts 120 

Falls, Potomac 13 
Farragut 16 
Fish Commission 11 
Fish Portrait 120 
Ford's Theater 12 
Fort Myer 13 
Foster 48 
Franklin, Benjamin 

Portraits 48, 53 

Staff 120 

Statues 16, 50 
Frederick 16 
Frelinghuysen 120 
Fulton 36, S3 
Garibaldi so 
Garfield 16, 36, so 
Georgetown 13 
Glen Echo 13 
Golden Gate 44 
Gov. Printing Office 11 
Grand Army 10, 32 
Grant 16, 32 
Greek Slave 105 
Greene 16, 36 
Gross 16 

Hahnemann 16 
Hamilton, 32, 48 
Hancock, J. 50 
Hancock, W. S. 16 
Hanson 36 
Harrison (Mrs.) 91 
Hayes (Mrs.) 91 
Hayes (Pres.) 91 
Henry, Joseph 116 
Henry, Patrick 47 
History 16 
Hotels 8 

Howard University 1 1 
Hull Relics 120 

Inauguration 32 
Ingalls ^6 
Indian Bureau 8 
Interior Department 10 
Ironclads 50 

Jackson 16 

Jay 46 

Jefferson, Desk 120 

Draft of Declaration 120 

Portraits 48, 120 

Statues 32. 44 



Justice Department 123 

Kearney 36 
Kenna 36 
Key House 13 
King 36 
Knox 48 
Kosciuszko 50 

Lafayette 16, 44 

Lafayette Square 20, 97 

Las Casas S3 

La Salle 28 

Lawton 140 

Lee 36, 141 

Legations 9 

Library of Congress 55 

Life Saving Service 116 

Lighthouse Board 116 

Lincoln, Bust 50 

Gettysburg Address 135 

Museum 12 

Portrait 44, 50 

Proclamation 44 

Statues 32, 50 
Livingston 36 
Logan 17 
Luther 17 

McPherson 17 
Madison, Dolly 20, 96 
Madison House 20 
Mall (see Map) 
Marine Barracks 131 
Market 12 
Marquette 36 
Marshall 17, 46 
Medals 121 
Meigs 141 

Monitor-Merrimac 50 
Monuments 16 
Moran Paintings 50 
Morris 31 
Mt. Pleasant 13 
Mt. Vernon 142 
Muhlenberg 40 

National Museum 124 
Naval Monument 17 
Naval Observatory 131 
Navigation Bureau 116 
Navy Annex 10 
Navy Department 119 
Navy Yard 130 

Oak Hill 11 
Osgood 47 

Parks (see Map)' 

Patent Office 10 

Payne 12 

Peace Monument 17 

Peace Statue 24 

Peale 50 

Penn 28 

Pension Office 129 



INDEX. 

Perry 50 
Pierpont 40 
Pike 17 
Pilgrims 26, 28 
Pocahontas 26 
Polk (Mrs.) 91 
Porter Grave 139 
Post-Office 8, 123 
Potomac 166 
Pulaski 50 

Railroads 8 
Raleigh 28 
Randolph 47 
Rawlins 17 
Rochambeau 17 
Rock Hill 12 
Rodgers House 20 

Saratoga 26 

Scott 17, 133 

Seal of the United States 120 

Seward House 20 

Seward 44 

Sheridan 139 

Sherman, R. 40 

Sherman. W. T. 6 

Shields 40 

Signal Office 10 

Smith, John 28 

Smithsonian 124 

Soldiers' Home 133 

Societies 10 

Stanton 44 

Stark 40 

State Department 119 

Statues 16 

Steamboats 8 

St. John's Church 97 

Stockton 40 

Streets 9 

Street Cars 9 

Sumner 50, 52 

Supreme Court 46 

Surveys (see Map) 

Takoma 13 
Taney 46 
Telegraph 8 
Tennallytown 13 
Theaters 9 
Thomas 17 
Time-table 7 
Tobacco Capitals 48 
Treasury 109 

Bureau of Engraving HO 

Cash Room 109 

Counting Experts 113 

Currency 116 

Division of Issue 113 

Macerator 115 

Redemption Division 115 

Seal 113 

Vaults 116 

Watchmen 116 



Trumbull, John 28 
Trumbull, Jon. 40 
Tyler 50 
Universities 11 

Venus of Melos 100 

Waite 46 
War College 131 
War Department 119 
War Statue 24 
Washburne 120 
Washington, George : 
Commission 28, 120 
Home 142 

Life Guard 119, 145 
Portraits : 
Brumidi's 48 
Medallion 146 
C. W. Peale's 50 
R. Peale's 50. 148 
Savage's 147 
Sharpless' 148 
Stuart's 44, 47, 95, : 
Trumbull's 28 
Relics 126 
Resignation 28 
Statues : 

D' Angers' Bust 53 
Greenough's 17, 34 
Houdon's 40 
Mills' 17 
Swords 120, 144 
Tent 126 
Tomb 154 
Washington Barracks 1, 
Washington, Martha 95, 
Washington Monument 
Webster, House 20 
Portraits 47, 120 
Statues 17, 40 
Welles 44 
Westward Ho ! 44 
White House 91 
Blue Room 92 
Cabinet Room 96 
Corridor 91 
Dining Room 96 
East Room 92 
Easter Eggs 97 
Green Room 95 
History 91 
President's Room 96 
Red Room 95 
Willard 42 
Williams 42 
Wilson 133 
Winthrop, J. 42 
Winthrop, R. C. 106 

Yorktown 26 
Y. M. C. A. 11 

Zoological Park 127 




MONUMENT TO GEN. W. T. SHERMAN. PENN. AVE. AND THE TREASURY. 



9 


to 


4:30 


8 


to 


5 


9 


to 


3 


9 


to 


4:30 



9 


to' 4:30 


9 


to 4 





and 2 



STANDARD GUIDE TIME -TABLE. 

Schedule of the hours In which public buildings are open to visitors. 

Unless otherwise noted, all are open daily except Sundays and public holidays. 
* Those marked with a star are open holidays. 

\. M. P. M. Location. 

9 to 4:30 Agricultural Department, Mall, 12th and 14th sts. S. W. 

Silk Mills in operation from 10 to 12, and 1 to 3. 

Ml day. Arlington Cemetery, Arlington, Va. 

Open also Sundays and holidays. (See W. A. & F. C. Ry., and W. 
A. & Mt. V. Ry. schedules in adv. pages. Time and walking may 
be saved by employing the wagonettes at the cemetery.) 

Army Medical Museum, 7th and B streets S. W. 

Botanical Garden, Pennsylvania ave. and 1st st. 

Bureau of Engraving, 14th and B streets S. W. 

But visitors are not conducted between 11:45 an d I2: 3°- 
Capitol, Capitol Hill. 

Open after 4:30 if Congress is in session and until one<-half hour after 
adjournment; also during a night session. The flag flies over each 
house while it is in session, and if at night fhe dome is lighted. 

9:30 to 4 Corcoran Gallery, N. Y. ave. and 17th street. 

Open Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays, 9:30 to 
4, from Oct. 1 to May 1, and 9 to 4 from May 1 to July 1. Sundays, 
Nov. 1 to July 1, 1:30 to 4:30. Mondays, 12 to 4. Public holidays, 
10 to 2. Admission 25 cents Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. 
Other days free. Closed every year July 1 to Oct. 1. 

Dead-Letter Museum, Penn. ave. and nth street. 

Fish Commission, 6th and B streets S. W. 

Government Printing Office, North Capitol and H streets. 
Visitors are conducted at these hours. 

Library of Congress,* Capitol Hill. 

Reading room hours, 9 to 10. On Saturday in summer building open 
9 to 4; reading room, 9 to 1. Library and reading room open Sun- 
days and holidays, 2 to 10. This schedule is subject to change in 
summer months. 

.11 day. Lincoln Museum, No. 516 10th street. 

Jl day. Marine Barracks, 8th and G streets S. E. 

to 4 Mount Vernon.* See page 142. 

Steamboat leaves 7th and M sts. summer, 10 A. M., 2:30 P. M. Nov. 1 
to May 30, 10 A. M., 1:43 P. M. Mt. Vernon trains leave 12th street 
hourly from 10 A. M. to 2 P. M., Nov. 1 to April 30. From May 1 to 
Oct. 31, 10 A. M. to 3 P. M. Return hourly. See adv. pages. 
-> " <-,-> i-m National Museum,* Smithsonian grounds. 

Naval Museum of Hygiene, 23d and E streets. 
Navy Department, Penn. ave. and 17th street. 

Navy Yard, Foot 8th street S. E. 

Patent Office, 7th and F streets. 

Pension Bureau, F and 4th streets. 

Post-Office Department, Penn. ave. and nth street. 

Smithsonian Institution,* Smithsonian grounds. 

Soldiers' Home,* Near 7th street extended. 

State Department, Penn. ave. and 17th street. 

Treasury, Penn. ave. and 15th street. 

Treasury tours between 10:30 and 12, and between 1 and 2. 
War Department, Penn. ave. and 17th street. 

Washington Monument, Washington Park, near 14th st. 

First elevator at 9, last elevator at 4. 

White House, East Room, Penn. ave. and 16th street. 

Persons having business with the President will be received from 12 to 1 
o'clock every day, except Tuesdays and Fridays. No public 
receptions are now given. The East Room is open to visitors daily 
from 10 to 2. 

11 day Zoological Park,* Rock Creek. Open Sunday. 

7 



9 to 


4:30 


9 to 


2 


5 to 


2 


5 to sunset. 


3 to 


2 


? to 


4 


) to 


2 


} to 


4:30 


) to sunset. 


) to 


2 


3 to 


2 


) to 


2 


8:30 to 


4:30 


> to 


2 



READY REFERENCE GUIDE. 

For Ready Reference Map of Washington see page 14. It 
gives all chief points of interest. See also large folded map. 

RAILWAY STATIONS. 

Baltimore & Ohio Station— New Jersey avenue, corner C street, N. W., one square from the Capito! 
Pennsylvania avenue cable cars near the station connect with Baltimore & Potomac Station. 
Baltimore &°- Ohio Railroad, Norfolk cV° Western Railway. 

Baltimore & Potomac Station— 6th street, corner B, N. W., near Pennsylvania avenue. Penns 
vania avenue cars connect with Baltimore & Ohio Station. 

Atlantic Coast Line. Baltimore cV 5 Potomac Railroad. 

Chesapeake &f Ohio Railway. Pennsylvania Railroad. 

Richmond, Fredericksburg £r> Potomac Railroad. Southern Railway to Florida and the Sou' 
Washington, Alexandria & nt. Vernon Station — Pennsylvania avenue and 12th street. 
Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Station — Aqueduct Bridge via Georgetown. 
TELEGRAPH OFFICES.— Western Union— No. 541 15th street, corner F, opposite Treasury. Posta 
1427 F street. In railroad stations. Telegraph Office in the Capitol— Corridor between Statu: 
Hall and the Hall of Representatives. 
STEAMBOATS leave from the wharf at the foot of 7th street; reached by 7th street line of cars, trans: 
from Pennsylvania avenue. 
Norfolk &** Washington Steamboat Co. — Steamer daily for Alexandria, Fortress Monroe, Norfolii 
Portsmouth, connecting at Old Point with Old Dominion Steamship Co. boats for New York. 
Mount Vernon — Steamboat daily. See page 150. 
POST=OFFICE.— The City Post-Office is on Pennsylvania avenue at 11th street. Money order divisio 
open from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Registry division open from 8:30 A. M. to 6 P. M. General deliver 
window never closed. 
BUREAUS. — Americzn Republics — No. 2 Lafayette square. Education— G and 8th streets. Ethnology* 
1335 F street. Indian Affairs— 930 F street. Labor — New York avenue and 15th street. Weathti 
— 24th and M streets, via Pennsylvania avenue cars. 



WASHINGTON HOTELS, WITH RATES: 

For fuller particulars of the Ardmore, Buckingham, Dolly Madison, Driscoll, Fredonjj 
Fetra's, National, Richmond, Riggs, Rhode Island, St. James and Shoreham, see adv. page; 



La 

*American Plan. ^European Plan. 

t Albany, 17th and H 

t American, Pennsylvania Av. and 7th 
*t Ardmore, 516 13th, $1.50 to $2.50 (t$I) 

* Arlington, Vermont Av. and H, $5 

* Bancroft, 18th and H, $2.50 and $3.50 
*t Barton's, 15th near Treasury 

Belvidere, Pennsylvania Ave. and 3d 

* Buckingham. 15th, bet. I and K, $2.50 

* Cairo, Q, bet. 16th and 17th, $3.50 up 

* Cochran, 14th and K, $4 up 

* Colonial, 15th and II, $2.50 to $4 

t Columbia, Pennsylvania Av. and 14th, $1 

* Dewey, 14th & L, $3.50 and up 

* Dolly Madison House, 1401 Mass. Av., $2 up 
*t Driscoll, 1st® B, N.W.. $2.50 up (t$1.50\ip) 

Dunbarton, Pa. Av., bet. 6th and 7th 

* Ebbitt, F. and 14th, $4 

•t Elsmere, 140S H, $2 to $3 

Engel, New Jersey Av. and C 

* Everett, H and 18th 

*t Fredonia. 1312 H, $2 up 

Fritz Reuter, Pa. Ay, and 4th 
*t Gordon, 16th"and I 

* Grafton, Conn. Av. and DeSales, $3 up 

* Hamilton, 14th and K, $2.50 up 

* Howard, Pa. Av. & 6th, $2 and $2.50 

* Johnson, 13th and E, $2.50 



Rates quoted are lowest. 
*t La Fetra's. G and 11th, $1.50 and $2 
*t La Normandie, 15th and I, $4 
*t Lincoln, H and 10th 

Litchfield, 906 14th 

Livingston, 1009 13th 

Mades, Pa. Av. and 3d 

* Metropolitan, 613 Pa. Av., $2.50 (t$l) 

*l National, Pa. Av. and 6th. $2.50 up (+$1) 
*t Oxford, 14th and N. Y. Av. $2.50 (t$l) 
Portland, 14th and Vermont Av. 

f Raleigh, Pa. Av. and 12th, $2.50 
*t Regent, Pa. Av. and 15th, $3 (fl) 

*. Richmond. 17th and H, $4 

* Riggs, 15th and G, $3 to $5 

t St. James, Pa. Av. and 6th, $1 up 

* Rhode Island, 1437 Rhode Island Ave. 
t St. Louis, 14th and H, $1 

*t Shoreham, 15th and H, $5 up (t$2 up) 
Stratford, Sheridan Ave. and 14th 

*t Varnum, N. J. Av. and 6th, S.E., $2 

*t Vendome, Pa. Av. and 3d, $2.50 (t$l) 
t New Willard.'s, Pa. Av. and 14th 
Windsor, New York Av. and 15th 

Restaurants — 
-Philadelphia Oyster House, 513 11th St., N 
Wilson Cafe, Gil 12th St., N. W. 

Private Board— 133S Vermont Ave. 



N 



Ready Reference. 9 

From the Capitol as a central point radiate North Capitol street, East street 
Capitol street, South Capitol street, and a line drawn west through the Plan 
center of the Mall. The city is thus divided into four sections— Northeast, 
Southeast, Northwest and Southwest. The streets and avenues are desig- 
nated N.E., S.E., N.W., and S.W., as they lie in the respective divisions. 
As most of the points of interest to visitors are included in the western 
divisions, all streets referred to in these pages are Northwest or South- 
west, unless otherwise designated. 

The numbered streets run north and south, beginning with ist street 
at the foot of Capitol Hill. The lettered streets run east and west, begin- 
ning with B street at the Mall. 

The avenues run northeast to southwest, and northwest to southeast. 
They are named after States. 

House numbers run (odd numbers on the right) in progression of ioo 
numbers to a block. Thus 510 Pennsylvania avenue is on the left-hand 
side, between 5th and 6th streets; and 510 14th street is between E (the 
fifth letter) and F streets. 

Pennsylvania avenue is the central avenue for the purposes of the 
visitor; it connects the railroad depots, Capitol, Treasury, White House 
and State Department. Other public buildings are but a square or two. 

Car fare 5c.-, six tickets for 25c. An extensive system of transfers is in Street 
operation. The Pennsylvania avenue lines, the F street and the G street Cars 
lines are those most used by the visitor to reach the several points of 
interest. The several routes are indicated by red lines on the large folded 
map. 

Cab fares are fixed by law as follows : One horse vehicles, each pas- Cab 
senger, fifteen squares or less, 25 cents ; each additional five squares or Fare * 
parts of squares, 10 cents. Two horse vehicles, one or two passengers, 
fifteen squares or less, 50 cents ; each additional five squares or parts of 
squares, 10 cents ; each additional passenger, fifteen squares or less, 25 
cents; each additional five squares or parts of squares, 10 cents. 

Theatres. — The Theatres are : Chase's New Grand Opera House — Theaters 
Pennsylvania, avenue, near 15th street. Butler's New Bijou — gth. street, 
corner Louisiana avenue. Columbia — 12th and F streets. Kernan's 
Lyceum — 1014 Pennsylvania avenue. Belasco — East side Lafayette Square. 
New National — 1325 E street. 

Embassies and Legations. — Argentine Republic — 2108 16th street. Legations 
Austria-Hungary — 1304 18th street. Belgium — 1719 H street. Bolivia — 
1633 16th street. Brazil — 1710 H street. Chile — The Rochambeau. China 
— 2001 19th street. Columbia — 1312 21st street. Costa Rica — 1329 18th 
street. Cuba — The Wyoming. • Denmark — 1521 20th street. Dominican 
Republic — The Shoreham. Ecuador — 1222 Connecticut avenue. France — ■ 
1640 Rhode Island avenue. Germany — 1435 Massachusetts avenue. Great 
Britain — 1300 Connecticut avenue. Guatemala — 2 Stone street, New York 
City. Haiti — 1429 Rhode Island avenue. Honduras — New York City. 
Italy — 1400 New Hampshire avenue. Japan — 1310 N street. Mexico — 1415 
I street. Netherlands — 1738 M street. Nicaragua — 2003 O street. Norway 



io Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

— 1753 Rhode Island avenue. Panama — The Highlands. Persia— 1800 
19th street. Peru — 2171 Florida avenue. Portugal — 1710 H street. 
Russia— 1634 I street. Salvador— New York City. Si am— The Arling- 
ton. Spain— 1721 Q street. Sweden— 1808 I street. Switzerland— 2013 
Hillyer Place. Turkey — 1629 Newton street. Uruguay — 1416 21st street. 
Venezuela — The Rochambeau. 

Churches Churches will be found listed on the large folded map in the back. 

Societies Societies. — Grand Army of the Republic — 1412 Pennsylvania avenue. 
Masonic Temple — 9th and F streets. Odd Fellows' Hall — 7th street, be- 
tween D and E. Scientific Societies have their headquarters at 1518 H 
street, the home of the Cosmos Club. 
ead -p HE d ead _L, etter Office Museum is in the building of the Post-Office 
Office department, Pennsylvania avenue and nth street. Open from 9 to 4. 
No pass is required. The Museum is on the ground floor. (The exhibits 
are sometimes removed from Washington for long periods, during which 
the Museum is closed.) 

Patent The Department of the Interior is at F to G and 6th to' 9th streets. 
Office ... 

The building is of freestone, granite and marble, and is adorned on the F 

street front with a fine portico of Doric columns copied in pattern and 
dimensions after those of the Parthenon. The three other fronts also have 
porticoes, classic in design. Of the several fields into which the work of 
the department is divided, that relating to patents is most widely known, 
and the great building is popularly called the Patent Office. The Museum 
of Models has been discontinued ; the models have been distributed to 
various institutions throughout the country. Many of the models, re- 
garded as relics, are now deposited in the National Museum. 

National Gallery. — The scope of the Smithsonian Institution pro- 
vides for a National Gallery of Art. Collections of paintings have been 
given by Harriet Lane Johnson, William T. Evans, C. L. Freer, and 
others ; and a portion of these have been installed in the lecture room 
of the National Museum. 

Mavy The Navy Annex is in the Mills building, at 17th street and Pennsyl- 
vania avenue, one of the modern office buildings of steel cage construction 
which by their height dwarf the adjacent public buildings. The eagle on 
the flagstaff is an effigy in copper and aluminum of "Old Abe," a bald- 
headed eagle which was the mascot of the Eighth Wisconsin Volunteers i 
in the Civil War. The bird on the flagstaff measures 8-ft. from tip to tip 1 
of wings ; it is 142-ft. above the street, and always faces the wind. 
Signal Office. — The Signal Office is on M street at 24th. 

Army ^he Army Medical Museum is in the Mall, at the corner of 7th and B I 
streets ; it is reached by Pennsylvania avenue cars, with transfer to 7th 1 



Iluseum 



street line (one fare), and is open from 9 to 4. 

The Department of Agriculture Buildings 'are in the Mall, a short 
distance west of the Smithsonian. They are open to visitors from 9 to 4; 



Ready Reference. n 

and in the museum will be found an interesting display of various agricul- Agricultural 
tural products, illustrating their growth and industrial and commercial Departme 
treatment. 

The National Botanical Garden, at the foot of Capitol Hill, is open Botanical 
to the public from 8 to 5. Its conservatories contain large collections of Gar den 
rare plants from all parts of the world. The traveler's tree from Madagas- 
car, the Hottentot poison ordeal tree from the Cape of Good Hope, the 
Jesuit's Bark (cinchona) from South America, and specimens from the 
Sandwich Islands, Japan, Queensland, Norfolk Island, Sumatra and scores 
of other distant lands afford abundant interest. North of the conservatory 
is the Bartholdi Fountain, which was exhibited at the Philadelphia Cen- 
tennial. It is the work of the French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi, famed 
for his statue of .Liberty in New York harbor. 

The Government Printing Office is at North Capitol and H streets. JJ|J.°* illg 
Here all the Government publications are printed, including the bills of 
Congress, the daily Congressional Record of the proceedings of Congress, 
Department Reports and others. It is reputed to be the largest printing 
office in the world. Visitors are escorted through the several departments 
at 10 A. M. and 2 P. M., and at other times when a large number warrants 
it. The tour takes from one to two hours. 

Fish Commission.— The building of the United States Fish Commission P jsh 
. . , ^r ,, ^, , t^ rlu Commission 

is m the Mall at 6th and B streets, S.W. 

The District of Columbia comprises an area of 69,245 square miles and District 
by police census of 1904 had a population of 323,346. The government con- ® f 
sists of two civilian Commissioners, appointed by the President and con- 
firmed by the Senate, and one Army engineer officer, detailed by the Secre- 
tary of War, the three constituting a Board of Commissioners for three 
years. The office is in the District Building, La. avenue between 4 l / 2 and 
6. A new municipal hall is building at 14th and E streets, near Pennsyl- 
vania avenue. Residents have no vote. 

Old Capitol. — After the burning of the Capitol in 1814, citizens of Old 
Washington built on North A street a. temporary Capitol, which was occu- Capitol 
pied by Congress until 1819, after which it was known as the Old Capitol. 
The building has been converted into dwelling houses. 

Universities and Colleges. — American University — Loughbury Road. Colleges 
The Catholic University of America — at the corner of Lincoln avenue and 
4th street, near Soldiers' Home; Eckington cars. George Washington 
University — 15th street and H. Columbia Institution for the Deaf and 
Dumb and National Deaf Mute College — in Kendall Green, M street and 
Florida avenue. Howard University — /th street and Boundary. Washing- 
ton Seminar}' — 523 New Hampshire avenue. 

The Young Men's Christian Association is on G street between 17th Y - M - c > A > 
and 18th streets. 

Cemeteries. — The Congressional Cemetery, on the Eastern Branch Cemeteries 
north of the Navy Yard, contains graves of members of Congress, officers 
of the Army and other public men. In Oak Hill, on Georgetown 



12 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



Cemeteries 



Carnegie 



ilarket 



Ford's 
Theater 



Oldroyd 

Lincoln 

Museum 



Heights, is the grave of John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet 
Home." Payne died while United States Consul at Tunis, and was buried 
on a hill overlooking the ruins of Carthage. In 1882 Wm. W. Corcoran 
had the remains brought home to America. Edwin M. Stanton, Salmon P. 
Chase and other notable men are buried here. Rock Creek Cemetery, 
northeast of the Soldiers' Home, is noted for the two bronze statues, 
"Memory," by Partridge, and "Peace of God," by St. Gaudens. (See also 
Arlington and Soldiers' Home chapters.) 

The Carnegie Public Library is in the Vernon Square, at the intersec- 
tion of Massachusetts and New York avenues and 8th street. The building 
was given by Andrew Carnegie. 

Market. — The Center Market, Pennsylvania avenue and 7th street, may 
be counted as among the Washington haunts of great men. Chief Justice 
Marshall, Daniel Webster and President William Henry Harrison were 
accustomed to do their marketing here in person. 

Ford's Theater, in which occurred the assassination of President 
Lincoln, April 14, 1865, is on 10th street, between E and F. The builcu.'qr 
is now used for public business and contains nothing of interest. Across 
the street, the house in which Lincoln died contains a collection of Lincoln 
relics. 

Oldroyd Lincoln Museum. — The house in which Lincoln died (No. 
516 10th street, between E and F) con- 
tains the Oldroyd Lincoln memorial col- 
lection, begun by O. H. Oldroyd in i860, 
and now comprising thousands of objects 
connected with or relating to the mar- 
tyred President. Among them are the 
following: Family Bible in which Lin- 
coln wrote his name in boyhood; log 
from the old Lincoln home; stand made 
from logs of house in which Lincoln 
lived, 1832-36; rail split by Lincoln and 
John Hanks in 1830 (with affidavit by 
Hanks) ; discharge given to one of his 
men by Captain A. Lincoln, Black Hawk 
War, 1832; picture of Springfield House; 
flag carried in Lincoln and Hamlin cam- 
paign; office chair in which Lincoln sat 
when he drafted his first Cabinet; fare- 
well address to neighbors; articles of fur- 
niture from the Springfield home; auto- 
graph letters; life-mask and cast, of hands 
by L. W. Volk; hat worn on night of 
April 14, 1865; chair occupied in theater; 
bill of the play (Our American Cousin); 
250 funeral sermons; 63 marches and 



Ready Reference. 13 

dirges; 263 portraits, including the earliest known; 209 medals; 1,000 

volumes of Lincoln biographies and works relating to slavery and the war. 

Georgetown. — Georgetown, or West Washington, three miles west from '_ 

, ' _ , . -r, Georgetown 

;he Capitol, is reached by the Pennsylvania avenue or b street cars; it 

s on the route to Arlington. The city antedates the founding of Washi- 
ngton. The heights command noble views. The city is the seat of 
Georgetown College, the oldest and largest Jesuit college in this country, 
rhe first building was erected in 1789. 

Key House. — The house once occupied by Francis Scott Key, author of K ey House 
.he "Star Spangled Banner," is on M street, in Georgetown, near the 
Aqueduct Bridge. The Francis Scott Memorial Association has under- 
aken to provide a fund of $25,000 to purchase -and restore the house. 
Membership in the association is open to any American on payment of 
j>i annual dues. The treasurer is W. D. Hoover, of Washington. 

Anacostia is on the Eastern Branch of the Potomac opposite. Ben- 
ding is on the Eastern Branch opposite Washington. Bladensburg is Suburbs 
5-miles northeast. Brightwood is 3-miles north. Chevy Chase — Con- 
lecticut avenue extended and District line; reached by Rock Creek car 
ine. Falls of the Potomac — The Little Falls are 4-miles above the city ; 
.he Great Falls 14-miles. Fort Myer is in Virginia, 3-miles; reached by 
Wash., Arlington & Falls Church Ry. Glen Echo — Conduit Road, 6-miles 
lorthwest. Mount Pleasant — Head of 14th street, >2-mile above Florida 
ivenue. Takoma — 5-miles north. Tennallytown — 3-miles north of 
Georgetown. 

Long Bridge. — The Long Bridge over the Potomac, famous as the Long Bridge 
"oute of the Federal Armies, has been demolished. 

Fort Myer is near Arlington on the heights of Virginia, opposite Wash- Fort riyer 
ngton. The route is by the W., A. & F. C. Railway from the Aqueduct 
Bridge. It is the most important United States Army post near Washi- 
ngton. At the United States Signal Station, below he railroad at Fort 
Myer, is the new building erected for the signal balloon corps. 
' Cabin-John Bridge, 7-miles from Georgetown, forms part of the aque- Cabin=John 
luct system. The bridge is 420-ft. in length, and the arch, with a span 
:f 220- ft., is reputed to be the largest stone arch in existence. 

The Continental Memorial Hall, erected by the National Society of Continental 
he Daughters of the American Revolution, is on Seventeenth street. It HaIt 
ias on the north the Corcoran Gallery of Art; and on the south will be 
rected the new building of the Bureau of American Republics. The 
Memorial Hall was provided to meet the business and commemorative 
■equirements of the D. A. R., and it has a large auditorium. The Hall 
vas designed by Edward Pearce Casey, well known in connection- with 
lis work in the Library of Congress building. The cost of the Hall 
ipproximated $350,000. The cornerstone was laid with elaborate cere- 
ponies in 1904. on "Lexington Day," the celebration of the Battle of 

exington, April 18. An illustration is given in another page. The 
National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution was organ- 

ed Oct. 11, 1890, with Mrs: Benjamin Harrison as President-General. 



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j 5 Washington, the Nation's Capital. . 

A Potomac Memorial Bridge has been projected to connect Wash- 
ington and Arlington, as shown on the folding map. In Congress its ad- 
vocates have asked for an appropriation of $5,000,000. 
History Historical. — After protracted discussion of the claims of New York, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore and other cities to be named as the Capital, 
Congress in 1790 empowered President Washington to select a location for 
a Federal City on the Potomac River. The story goes that the site chosen 
by him, and which became the seat of the city named in his honor, was 
one to which he had been attracted in his younger days when he was a 
surveyor. 

The task of laying out the new town was intrusted to Major L'Enfant, 
one of the French officers who had served in the American army. He drew 
the plans on a scale which was intended to be commensurate with the 
importance of the city as the Capital of the United States. The details 
were modified in some measure by the successors of L'Enfant, but to him 
we owe in its general plan the beautiful Washington of to-day. The area 
which is devoted to streets, avenues and parks exceeds in proportion that 
of any other city in the world. 

During the Civil War Washington was converted into a vast encamp- 
ment of troops passing to and from the field; and into a hospital for 
thousands of sick and wounded. The city was defended by a circuit of 
sixty-eight forts. 

STATUES AND MONUMENTS. 

Dupont — Dupont Circle. — Rear- Admiral Samuel Francis Dupont. By Launt Thompson. 

Farragut — Farragut Square. — Admiral David Glascoe Farragut. By Vinnie Ream 
Hoxie. Bronze cast from guns of the flagship Hartford. 

Franklin — Pennsylvania avenue, 10th and D streets. — Benjamin Franklin — Printer, 
Patriot, Philosopher, Philanthropist. By Plassman. Presented by Stillson 
Hutchins. 
Frederick the Great. — A statue presented by Emperor William has been placed in 
the grounds of the War College. 

Garfield. — Maryland avenue entrance to Capitol grounds. See page 41. 

Grant. — A statue of Gen. U. S. Grant, by H. M. Shrady, for which Congress has 
appropriated $250,000, will be placed in the Mall south of the White House. 

Greene — Stanton Square. — Gen. Nathaniel Greene. By H. K. Brown. The uniform 
is that of the Continental Army. 

Gross— Smithsonian grounds, near Medical Museum — Dr. Samuel D. Gross, dis- 
tinguished American physician and surgeon. 

Hahnemann— Scott Circle. — Christian Samuel Friedrich Hahnemann, German phy- 
sician, founder of homeopathy. 

Hancock— Pennsylvania •avenue and 7th street. — Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock. 
By Henry J. Ellicott. 

Henry — Smithsonian grounds. — Joseph Henry, first Secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution. By W. W. Story. 

Jackson — Lafayette Square. — Gen. Andrew Jackson, here presented as the hero of 
the Battle of New Orleans. The bronze was cast from cannon taken in Jackson's 
campaigns, and the cannon were contemporary. A replica is in Jackson Square, 
New Orleans. By Clark Mills. 
Lafayette— Lafayette Square and Pennsylvania avenue. — By the French sculptors 
Falquiere and Mercier. Provided by Congress to commemorate the distinguished 
services of Lafayette and other French officers in the cause of the Colonies. 



Ready Reference. ' 17 



Lafayette is represented in the uniform of the Continental Army. America extends 
to him a sword. The other figures of the group are Rochambeau, Duportail, 
D'Estaing and De Grasse. 
The Marquis de Lafayette offered his services to the Americans in 1777, was com- 
missioned Major-General, and served throughout the war. He took part in the bat- 
tles of Brandywine, Monmouth and Yorktown; in 1824 he revisited America, and was 
given a continuous ovation by the twenty-four States. Count Rochambeau was in 
command of the French army of 6,000 men sent to aid the Americans in 1780, and 
contributed to the victory of Yorktown. Duportail was a French officer who served 
under Lafayette in America. Count d'Estaing commanded the French fleet sent to 
the assistance of America in 1778; and Count de Grasse, of the French fleet, took 
part in the victory of Yorktown. The portraits of Lafayette, Rochambeau and De 
Grasse are in Trumbull's Yorktown. 

Lincoln— Fourth and D streets. — Abraham Lincoln. By Scott Flannery. 
Lincoln — Lincoln Park. — Emancipation Monument, representing Lincoln as the 

emancipator. • By Thomas Ball. 
Lincoln. — A Lincoln memorial will be placed on the bank of the Potomac west of the 

Washington Monument. 
Logan — Iowa Circle. — Gen. John A. Logan. By Franklin Simmons. 
Luther — Thomas Circle. — Martin Luther. T >lica of statue at Worms, Germany. 
McPherson — McPherson Square. — Gen. James B. McPherson. By James T. 

Robisso. Erected by the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. 
Marshall — Capitol west terrace. — John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States 
from 1801 to 1835. By W. W. Story. The figures in the panels, of Italian marble, 
are: Minerva Dictating the Constitution to Young America, and Victory Lead- 
ing Young America to Swear Fidelity at the Altar of the Union. See page 55. 
Naval Monument, or Monument of Peace, Pennsylvania avenue at the foot of 
Capitol Hill. — By Franklin Simmons; erected from funds contributed by members 
of the Navy. "In memory of the Officers, Seamen and Marines of the United 
States Navy who fell in defense of the Union and Liberty of their Country, 1861- 
1865." The figures are of America weeping; History with record tablet: "They 
died that their country might live;" Victory with laurel wreath, and Peace with 
olive branch. See page 54. 
Pike — Indiana avenue and 3d street. — Albert Pike. 
Rawlins — Pennsylvania avenue, Louisiana avenue and 9th street. — Gen John A. 

Rawlins. By J. Bailey. 
Rochambeau — Lafayette Square. — Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeure, Comte de 

Rochambeau. By F. Hamar. Presented by France in 1902. See Lafayette. 
Scott— Scott Square.— Gen. Winfield Scott. By H. K. Brown. 
Scott — Soldiers' Home grounds. — By Launt Thompson. 
Sherman— Equestrian statue south of Treasury. Gen. William T. Sherman. By 

Carl Rohl-Smith. 
Thomas— Thomas Circle.— Gen. George H. Thomas. By J. Q. A. Ward. Erected by 

the Society of the Army of the Cumberland. 
Washington— Washington Circle.— George Washington. By Clark Mills. Washing- 
ton is represented as he appeared at the Battle of Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777, when 
he checked the retreat of Mercer's wavering militia and turned defeat into 
victory. The portrait is from the Houdon bust made from life. The horse was 
modeled from one captured from a wild herd on the prairie near Fort Leaven- 
worth, Kan. 
Washington— Esplanade east of Capitol.— By Horatio Greenough. The inscriptions 
are chosen from Henry Lee's oration on the death of Washington, pronounced 
before both Houses of Congress, Dec. 16, 1799: "First in War— First in Peace- 
First in the Hearts of His Countrymen." The sculptor's signature runs: 
"Simulacrum istud ad magnum Libertatis nee sine ipsa duratum Horatius Greenough 
faciebat"— "Horatio Greenough made this statue for a great examplar of Freedom; 
not without Freedom can it endure." See page 55. 
Webster — Scott Circle. — Daniel Webster. 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. 



THE BEAUTIFICATION OF WASHINGTON. 

The Beautification of Washington is a subject which has engaged 
the attention of Congress. Plans have been submitted by a Park Com- 
mission appointed by the Senate, and consisting of Messrs. Burnham, 
McKim, St. Gaudens and Olmstead. The report recommends the estab- 
lishment of a parkway comprising the Mall, extending from the Capitol to 
the Monument, one and one-half miles, and with a, width of 800 feet. 
From this territory would be removed the buildings now upon it, to the 
end that there might be an uninterrupted vista, whether of the park in a 
natural state, or given a formal arrangement as the Commission recom- 
mends. 

THE UNION RAILWAY STATION. 

The Union Railway Station, which will supersede the present rail- 
way station, is under construction at a point northeast of the Capitol, as 
shown on our map, pages 14-15. It is building by the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the United States and the District 
of Columbia. 

The building is of magnificent proportions, exceeding the Capitol in 
its dimensions, with a length of 760 feet, and a width of 343 feet. The 
exterior material is white granite from Bethel, Vermont. The structure 
was designed by Daniel H. Burnham, the architect of the Chicago 
World's Fair, and is of monumental character, the architect having found 
his inspiration in the great triumphal arches of Rome. 

The Pennsylvania Railroad and the roads from the south will reach 



Ready Reference, 19 

the hew station through twin tunnels through Capitol Hill. The tunnels 
are below First street, between the Capitol and the Library, being, at 
the Neptune fountain, forty feet below the surface. 

Cathedral of Ss. Peter and Paul. — The site of the Protestant Epis- 
copal Cathedral of Ss. Peter and Paul, on St. Alban's Hill, at junction of 
Massachusetts and Wisconsin avenues, is marked by the Peace Cross, Peace Cross 
erected in 1898. In the summer the people's open-air evensong, held 
every Sunday afternoon at 4:30, attracts large audiences. The route is 
via Tennallytown or Chevy Chase cars. 

Bureau of American Republics. — The building for the Bureau of American 
American Republics, for the erection of which Andrew Carnegie has given Republics 
$750,000, will be built on the grounds of the old Van Ness place, a five- 
acre plot on Seventeenth street, south of the Corcoran Gallery. The 
Bureau is. an institution supported by twenty-one republics of the 
Americas, for the promotion of commerce and trade and for the culti- 
vation of peace and friendship. 

U. S. Marine Band. — The United States Marine Band, also known as Marine Band 
the "President's Own," has been in existence for over a century, and is 
the largest and best equipped military band in the United States. In 
addition to the regular duties of the U. S. - Marine Corps, it performs 
at all functions, official and private, in the White House. During the 
months of June, July, August and September, this organization gives 
three concerts a week : Wednesday at the Capitol, Thursday at the 
Marine Barracks, and Saturday at the White House, each concert be- 
ginning an hour and a half before sunset. During the winter months 
it gives orchestral concerts' every Monday afternoon at 2 o'clock, in the 
concert hall of the Marine Barracks, which is located on 8th street, S.E., 
between G and I streets. 

The National Zoological Park, which is administered under the Zoological 
Smithsonian Institution, covers 167 acres of ground beyond the north- p a«"k 
western limits of the city, and contains interesting and valuable collec- 
tions of living animals. It is easily accessible by street cars running from 
Pennsylvania Avenue and 7th street ; and from 9th to F streets, without 
change, and from other points. The purpose of this Park, as defined in 
the legislative authority for its establishment in 1889, is "the advance- 
ment of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." In 
carrying out this purpose, it undertakes primarily to collect and preserve 
our national fauna, and secondarily to provide entertainment for the 
public, while it incidentally preserves to the people of the District a 
singularly beautiful tract of land. 

McClellan Statue. — An equestrian statue of General McClellan, de- 
signed by Frederick MacMonnies, at the intersection of Connecticut 
avenue and N street. 

City of Magnificent Distances. — This phrase as descriptive of Wash- 
ington was original with Abbe Carrea, Minister from Portugal in 1816. 



20 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

SOME HISTORIC HOMES ON LAFAYETTE SQUARE: 

Many of the houses surrounding the square possess interesting asso- 
ciations as the homes of public men. The plot of ground now occupied 
by the Lafayette Square Opera House, on Madison place, was in the '30s 
owned by Henry Clay; he traded it for an imported and long-pedigreed 
jackass to Commodore Rodgers, who built the home, which stood until 
torn down in 1895 to make way for the opera house. After Commodore 
Rodgers, Secretary of the Treasury Roger B. Taney lived here ; and then 
followed Secretary of the Navy James K. Paulding; Secretary of State 
William H. Seward, who in one of the upper rooms was struck by the 
would-be assassin in that fateful night of April 14, 1865; and James G. 
Blaine, who in the same room died in 1893. 

Further north, on the corner of Madison place and H street, the home 
of the scientific Cosmos Club was formerly known as Dolly Madison's 
house. Here Mrs. Madison lived from 1837 to her death; then Admiral 
Wilkes occupied the house until the Civil War, and it then became the 
headquarters of Gen. McClellan. Diagonally across the street is the red 
brick house (now an annex of the Arlington Hotel) which was for more 
than twenty years the home of Charles Sumner. Further west, on the 
corner of Connecticut avenue and H street, is- Corcoran House, the home 
of the late W. W. Corcoran, and before him of Daniel Webster while 
Secretary of State. It is recorded that the Ashburton Treaty was dis- 
cussed and practically concluded in this house. 

The house on the southwest corner of H street and Jackson place was built 
in 1819 by Commodore Decatur (the author, of the toast, "My country: 
may she be always in the right; but right or wrong— my country"), and it 
was occupied by Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren and Edward Livingston, 
during their respective terms as Secretary of State, and by Ministers of ; 
Russia, England and France. 

HOUSE BRONZE DOORS. 

The House Bronze Doors. — The bronze doors of the portico of the 
Hall of Representatives were set in place in 1905. The designs were by 
Crawford, the sculptor of the Statue of Freedom surmounting the Dome, 
the bronze doors of the Senate portico and other sculptures elsewhere 
noted. The modeling of the doors was by William H. Rinehart. Con- 
gress appropriated $45,000 for the casting, which was done by Melzar H. 
Mossman, Chicopee, Mass. The subjects are: Massacre of Wyoming. — 
In July, 1778, a force of British provincials and Indians invading the 
Wyoming Valley, in Pennsylvania, set fire to dwellings and murdered 
many of the inhabitants. Battle of Lexington. — Fought April 19, 1775. 
The beginning of the American Revolution. Presentation of flags to Gen. 
William Moultrie for his defense of Sullivan's Island, Charleston Harbor, 
June 28, 1776. Death of General Montgomery, in the attack on Quebec, 
Dec. 31, 1775. The Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. Treaty of 
Paris. . Treaty of Peace between the United States and Great Britain, 
Sept. 3, 1783. Washington's Farewell to his officers, at New York, Dec. 4, 
*793- Benjamin Franklin. 



THE CAPITOL. 



The Capitol is situated on Capitol Hill, 1 1-3 miles from the White House and 
Treasury, ^-mile from the Baltimore & Potomac Station, and one square from the 
Baltimore & Ohio Station. 

It is reached by the F street and the Pennsylvania avenue cars, both of which 
ascend the hill. One may leave the Pennsylvania avenue cars at the Peace Monu- 
ment, near the west entrance, and thus gain the grandest approach; or may continue 
(on the Navy Yard car) to the top of the hill. 

The building is open daily, except Sundays and holidays, from 9 to 4:30, or until 
one-half hour after adjournment. During a term of Congress the forenoon is the best 
time for inspecting the legislative halls and the various committee rooms. Congress 
goes into session at 12 o'clock noon; visitors are allowed upon the floor of Senate and 
House until 11:45, thereafter in the galleries, only. The several galleries are designated 
over the doors: Gentlemen's, Ladies', Reserved, Diplomatic Corps, Press. Those 
marked Ladies' and Gentlemen's are open to the public. 

*** The Capitol Guides. — There is a staff of regularly authorized Capitol 
guides, who conduct visitors through the building, and point out and. explain all 
objects of interest; and it will be found advantageous to employ their services. 

THE CAPITOL is distinguished for its commanding situation and 
majestic proportions, for the dignity, grace and beauty of design, 
and the adornments and decorations which beautify it without 
and within. All these unite to give it rank as an architectural 
object among the noblest in the world. From an elevated site on Capitol 
Hill, 97-ft. above the level of the river, it overlooks the amphitheatre of 
the Potomac and is a conspicuous feature of the landscape from miles 
on every side. It is set amid grounds whose extent and arrangement add 
much to the architectural effect. 

The building faces the east, for in that quarter the projectors assumed 
that the city would grow ; but the development of Washington has been 
toward the west, and it is from this direction that the Capitol is usually 
approached. From the main western entrance of the grounds, near the 
Peace Monument, the approach leads up the gently rising lawns to flights 
of steps, which give ascent to the upper terrace or open court, which ex- 
tends the entire length of the west front and around the north and south 
ends. Here a beautiful view is afforded of the city and encircling hills. 
From the court the west door of the building gives access to flights of 
stairs which lead to the Rotunda. 

On the east front are three grand porticoes with Corinthian columns, 
and there is a portico of similar columns on the end and west front of 
each extension, and a loggia on the west front of the main building. 
Broad flights of marble steps lead up to the porticoes from the esplanade 
on the east. 

The central building is constructed of Virginia sandstone, painted white; the ex- 
tensions are of Massachusetts marble. The 24 columns of the grand central portico 
are monoliths of Virginia sandstone, 30ft. high ; the 100 columns of the extension 
porticos are monoliths of Maryland marble. The entire length of the Capitol is 
751ft. 4in. ; width, 350ft. ; area, over 3% ' acres. 

The corner stone of the main building was laid by President Washington on Sept. 
18, 1793. The wings of the central building were completed in 1811, and were partially 

21 



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Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



Capitol 



burned by the British in 1814. The entire central building was finished in 1827. The 



corner stone of the extension was laid by President Fillmore, on July 4, 1851; Daniel 
is ory Webster wag the orator _ The extensions were first occupied by Congress 1857 and 
1859. Up to that time the Senate Chamber was the present Supreme Court Room; 
and the Hall of Representatives was the present National Statuary Hall. 

Dome The crowning glory of the Capitol is the imposing Dome, springing 
from a peristyle of fluted Corinthian columns above the central building 
and terminating in a lantern, which is surmounted by the Statue of Free- 
dom, towering 307>4-ft. above the esplanade. 

The height of the Dome above the base line of the east front is 287-ft. 5-in. ; from 
the roof balustrade. 217-ft. 11- in. ; diameter at the base, 135-ft. 5-in. It is of iron, and 
weigs 8,909,200-lbs. It is so constructed that with the variations of temperature the 
iron plates expand and contract, "like the folding and unfolding of a lily." The 
peristyle has 36 columns and 36 windows, with a balustrade above. The lantern is 
15-ft. in diameter and 50-ft. in height; it has electric lights, which illuminate the Dome 
during a night session. The Dome was designed by Walter, and was completed in 
1865. The Dome is ascended for the view by a winding stairway. 
Statue of ^' ie b ronze statue of Armed Liberty, designed by Crawford, is 19-ft. 6-in. high, and 

Libertv we 'g' ls 14,985-lbs. It was set in place on Dec. 2, 1863. A full-sized model of the 
figure is in the National Museum, where the majestic expression of the countenance 
may be noted, and the details studied of the crest of the eagle's beak and plumes, 
sheathed sword, shield, and supporting globe with its legend, E Pluribus Unum. 

Rotunda The east portico of the House is plain ; on those of the Rotunda and 
Portico the Senate has been expended the chief exterior adornment of the Capitol. 
On the tympanum of the Rotunda portico is an allegorical group (by 
Persico, after design of John Quincy Adams) of the Genius of America. 
In the centre stands America, with the eagle at her feet. Her shield, 
with its legend, U. S. A., rests upon an altar inscribed with the significant 
date, July 4, 1776. She is listening to the inspiration of Hope, and indi- 
cating her reliance upon Justice, whose scroll of the Constitution bears 
the date of the adoption of that instrument, September 17, 1787. 
The Of the two colossal groups in marble on the portico, one is Persico's 
narble Discovery of America; it represents Columbus and an Indian girl; the 
roups armor was copied from a suit worn by Columbus, now preserved in Genoa. 
The other group is Greenough's Settlement of America — a pioneer in des- 
perate conflict with a savage. On either side of the doorway are marble 
figures (by Persico) of War— Mars in Roman mail, with shield and spear; 
and Peace — Ceres, with olive branch and fruits. Over the door is a com- 
position of Peace and Fame placing a wreath of laurel upon the brow of 
Washington. At the Rotunda entrance is the Rogers Bronze Door. 
Senate The fortunes of the American Indians furnish a theme which we shall 
Portico nn( j constantly recurring throughout the decorations of the Capitol. The 
marbles and bronzes of the Rotunda portico are suggestive of the first 
contact of the white race and the red ; the marble group in the tympanum 
of the Senate portico is significant of what the coming of the new race 
was to mean for the old. The subject (by Crawford) is American Devel- 
opment and the Decadence of the Indian Race. In the centre stands 
America, -in the effulgence of the rising sun, bestowing honor instead of 
gifts upon General Washington; on the right are Commerce, Education, 
Mechanics and Agriculture; on the left the Pioneer, the Hunter, a dejected 



.•(, Washington, the Nation's ( 'apital, 

( huK.nn. and an Indian mothei with i"' 1 babe mourning beside .1 grave* 
i u ji u . u ,,n above the Senate entrance are marble figures ©1 Justice and 
ii 1: .,,, M ,i M ( rawford), and the dooi is the Crawford Bronsse Door, 

Rotunda lin Rotunda in the centre oi the main building is the room to which 

,mi«' usually comes first, and il is .1 convenient poinl from which to visit 

du- various parts oi the Capitol, Hie north door leads to the Supreme 

Court Room, the Senate, and the stairwaj to the Dome; the south door 

to the Statuarj Hall and the House; the east dooi (Rogers Bron e) opens 

on the portico, and the west dooi leads to the wesl entrance. 

v..nr \ convenient programme foi seeing the Capitol is to studj first the 

•< <l10 Rotunda (from the floor)) then to visit in succession the Hall oi Statuary, 

t - ay ' u ' 1 ,ho House and its committee 100ms. the Supreme Court, the Senate and 

its rooms, the wesl portico foi the view; then to ascend to the tippei part 

oi the Rotunda and beyond to the Dome and its view, Study the Capitol 

plan on a foregoing page 

Note the magnificent marble corridors and stairways of the extensions; 

tin- pilasters, columns and capitals, sculpture and frescoing; the tessellated 

floors, and the vistas through the windows, giving glimpses of the city 

and the Washington Monument, the now Library, and the Capitol itself. 

Rotunda Hie Rotunda is an immense circular hall o • 3 11 in diameter, and 

Painting* •-. cleai from floor to inner shell oi Dome and canopy, 180 ft, above, 

Light is admitted through the 36 windows oi the peristyle, IThe walls are 

domed with paintings, sculptures and frescoes, and the vaulted canopy 

top above th< eye oi the Dome glows with color. Tin- eight oil paintings 

in the panels oi' the hall have tor their subjects memorable scenes in the 

rj oi the continent and of the United States, The key to each picture 

hangs beneath if. Phey arc: — 

1 anding of Columbus on San Salvador, Oct 1 -. 1 10 • (Bj Vanderlyn.) 

Discovery oi the Mississippi by De Soto, 1541, (Bj W, ll. Powell.) 

Baptism of Pocahontas, Jamestown, Ya.. 101.?. (By John ti Chapman ) 

Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Delft Haven, Juh >i, t6so (Weir.) 

ftaduratlra The Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia, Julj 1. 1776 (Bj John 

rrumbull, of Connecticut) The scene is the hall of the Continental Con 

is John Hancock, President oi the Congress, is seated at the table, 

■; him stand the Committee oi Five Thomas Jefferson, John 

\. ms, Benjamin Franklin, Rogei Sherman and Robert L Livingston, 

Saratoga The Surrender of Burgoyne, Saratoga, Oct, c. 1777, (Bj rrumbull.) 

represents Gen, Burgoyne, attended bj Gen, Phillips and 

wd by other officers, arriving near the marquee of Gen, Gates. Gen 

. < lias advanced a lew steps from the entrance to meet the prisoner who 

: offering his sword, which Gen. Gates declines to receive; 

and invites them to enter and panakc oi refreshments. A number ot the 

• American arm> arc assembled near their General."- 

Vatfctawii Surrender of Cornwallis, Yorktown, Oc1 10. r-Si (Trumbull) 'The 

esentS the moment when the officers oi" the British army. 

In Gen. Lincoln, are passing the two groups of American and 

id entei ng between the two lines of victors." lioi, 



28 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

Washington's The Resignation of General Washington, Annapolis, Dec. 23, 1783. 
Resignation (Trumbull.) "After taking an affectionate leave of his old comrades at 
New York, General Washington, accompanied by only two of them, pro- 
ceeded to Annapolis, where Congress was then sitting, and there resigned 
his commission into the hands of twenty-three powerless men, divested 
himself of all authority, and retired to private Hie."— Elliot. Washington's 
surrendered commission is preserved in the State Department, and the 
uniform of Commander-in-Chief worn on this occasion is shown among 
the Washington relics in the National Museum. 

Trumbull The Trumbull paintings have peculiar interest and value because the figures in 

Series them are authentic portraits. Col. John Trumbull, an aide-de-camp of Washington, 
"having a natural taste for drawing, took the resolution of cultivating that talent, 
with the hope of thus binding his name to the great events of the Revolution by be- 
coming the graphic historiographer of them and of his comrades." With this view he 
devoted himself to the study of the art of painting, first in this country and then in 
Europe. To John Adams, then Minister to England, and Thomas Jefferson, Minister 
to France, he communicated his ambitious design of painting a series commemorative 
of the principal events of the Revolution, preserving faithful portraits of its con- 
spicuous actors, and accurate details of scenes, dress and arms. He painted Adams in 
London, and Jefferson in Paris, and at the house of Jefferson the French officers who 
were to be included in the Yorktown picture. He was given sittings by Washington 
and others in New York, at that time the seat of government, and then traveled 
through the country, from New Hampshire to South Carolina, collecting portraits 
and other materials. In 1816, after more than thirty years of preparation, he was 
commissioned by Congress to paint the four great pictures now in the Rotunda — 
works which at once are held pricesless tor their portraits of the Fathers of the 
Republic, and are a realization of the artist's high ambition. 

Sculptures In the arabesques above the paintings are sculptured portraits of Co- 
lumbus, Raleigh, Cabot and La Salle (by Capellano and Causici) ; and 
above the doors are sculptures of the Landing of the Pilgrims, Pocahontas 1 
Rescuing Capt. John Smith, William Penn's Conference with the Indians,, 
and Daniel Boone in Conflict with the Indians. (These are by Causici,i 
Capellano and Gevelot.) At a height of 65-ft. above the floor, and encir- 
Rotunda cling the wall, here 300-ft. in circumference, runs a fresco (by Brumidi andj 
Frieze Castigini) in imitation of high relief, illustrating periods of the history^ 
of the continent. America is depicted with Indian and eagle, standing withli 
History, who records on her tablet the progress of events. The subjects: 
are: Landing of Columbus, Cortez and Montezuma in the Temple of thee 
Sun, Pizarro in Peru, Burial of De Soto, Rescue of Capt. John Smith,i 
Landing at Plymouth Rock, Penn's Treaty with the Indians, Settlementl 
of New England, Oglethorpe and the Muscogees, Battle of Lexington,! 
Declaration of Independence, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, Death of! 
Tecumseh, the American Army Entering the City of Mexico, California;: 
Gold Mining. The series is to be completed. 
Canopy The canopy overhanging the eye of the Dome, at a height of iSo-ft.l 
above the Rotunda floor, is 65-ft. in diameter, and gives a field of 4640J 
square feet for Brumidi's colossal allegorical fresco. This may be studied! 
to better advantage from the gallery which is immediately below it, reached^ 
by the Dome stairway. See page 35. 

The gallery, which encircles the hall just beneath the canopy above, 1 



30 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




THE ROTUNDA CANOPY — APOTHEOSIS OF WASHINGTON. 




COMMERCE, 



FREEDOM. 



The Capitol. 










AGRICULTURE. 



MECHANICS. 




ARTS — SCIENCE. 



THE ROTUNDA CANOPY. 



The allegory is of the Apotheosis of Washington. In the center is Washington, 
seated in majesty, like Jove on Olympus, with supernal beings attending him. On 
his right sits Freedom; on his left Victory; and about him float the Thirteen States 
as aerial figures, their banner inscribed: E Pluribus Unum. Beneath, and encircling 
the base of the canopy, runs an allegory of the Revolution. The group in line directly 
below Washington represents the Fall of Tyranny — Freedom with her eagle putting to 
rout the forces of War, Tyranny, Priestcraft, Discord, Anger and Revenge. Follow- 
ing to the right are depicted in succession; Agriculture (America, Ceres, Flora and 
Pomona) ; Mechanics (Vulcan) ; Commerce (Mercury, with portrait of Alexander 
Hamilton, and of Robert Morris, signer of the Declaration, financier of the Revolu- 
tion, in the last days of his life imprisoned for debt, and here given enduring fame); 
Marine (Neptune, and .Aphrodite with the Atlantic cable); Arts and Sciences 
(Minerva, with portraits of Franklin, Fulton and Morse). 



Statues 



32 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

Whispering a whispering gallery, wherein two persons standing on opposite sides 
Gallery 65-ft. apart, may distinctly hear one another speaking in whispers. 

The statues are of Lincoln, Jefferson, Baker, Grant and Hamilton. 

Edward Dickinson Baker, of Oregon, 1811-1816; Fought in Mexican War; Senator 
from Oregon; commanded a brigade at Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861, and was mortally- 
wounded. (By Horatio Stone.) 

Ulysses Simpson Grant, 1822-1885. Lieutenant-General in the Civil War and 
commander of the Union armies; President 1869-77. (By Franklin Simmons.) 

Alexander Hamilton, of New York, 1757-1804. Officer in Revolution; exerted 
important influence through the Federalist in securing adoption of the Constitution; 
President Washington's Secretary of the Treasury; author of our financial system. 
A panel in the Senate Bronze Door commemorates Hamilton's gallantry at York- 
town, when he led an advanced corps to the storming of a British redoubt. (By 
Stone.) 

Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, 1743-1826. Author of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence and one of its signers; as Member of Congress, originated our system of 
coinage; as Minister to France negotiated important commercial treaties; Secretary 
of State, Washington's first term; Vice-President with John Adams; President 1801-9; 
founder of the first Republican Party, from which the Democratic Party of to-day 
claims descent. (By P. D. David d'Angers; presented by Capt. U. P. Levy, U. S. 
Navy.) 

Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, 1809-65. President 1861-65. (By Vinnie Ream.) 



Rogers 



At the east door of the Rotunda is the Rogers Bronze Door, designed 
Door and modeled by the American artist, Randolph Rogers, at Rome in 1858, 
and cast by Von Miller at Munich. The panels are filled with high reliefs 
illustrating scenes in the career of Columbus. The subjects are: 

Columbus before the Council of Salamanca; His Departure from the Convent 
of La Rabida; the Audience before Ferdinand and Isabella; the Sailing from Palos 
on the First Voyage; the Landing at San Salvador; the First Encounter with the 
Indians; the Triumphal Entry into Barcelona; Columbus in Chains; His Death. 

On the transom arch is a portrait of the Discoverer; and on the panel borders, in; 
papal robe and royal crown and suit of mail, are the personages who played their 1 
parts in the memorable world drama of the fifteenth century — the sovereigns Alex-| 
ander VI. of Rome, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, Charles VIII. of France, John 1 
II. of Portugal, and Henry VII. of England; the friends and patrons of Columbus- 
Cardinal Mendoza, Lady Beatriz de Bobadilla, and Juan Parez de Marchena, priori 
of La Rabida; the companions of the Discoverer and conquerors of the New World— 
Pinzon, captain of the "Pinta"; Bartholomew Columbus, Ojeda, Vespucci, Cortez, I 
Balboa, and Pizarro. The frames of the panels show portraits of Irving, Prescott and 1 
other historians of Columbus. The decorative scheme of the border is of anchors, 
rudders, casques and armor, symbolical of exploration and conquest; while four race< 
types stand for the continents, Asia, Africa, Europe and America. 

Inauguration The Rotunda portico is the scene of the inaugurations. The retiring] 
President and the incoming President ride together from White House to: 
Capitol. The oath of office having been taken by the Vice-President in 
the Senate Chamber, all repair to the Rotunda portico, and its grand-stand 
erected for the occasion. It is a brilliant and impressive assemblage — the< 
Chief-Justice and the Associates in their robes of office, the members of 
the Diplomatic Corps in resplendent uniforms ; the members of the Housei 
and Senate, officers of the Army and Navy, and other dignitaries of the 
land ; while on the esplanade in front are gathered tens of thousands of 
spectators. The President having read his inaugural address, the Chief- 
Justice administers the oath of office: — "I do solemnly swear that I willl 





THE ROGERS BRONZE DOOR OF THE ROTUNDA. 



34 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will 
to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of 
the United States." 

The programme concludes with a review by the new President of the 
vast procession — of troops, marines, militia, political clubs and others — 
which marches from the Capitol down Pennsylvania avenue and past the 
reviewing stand in front of the White House. 

On the great esplanade of the east front is Greenough's colossal marble 
statue of Washington. The figure is seated in a Roman chair, the left 
hand clasping a sword, the other raised in invocation of heaven. Acces- 
sories are Columbus with globe and an Indian ; Phoebus-Apollo Driving 
the Chariot of the Sun — America rising among the Nations ; and Hercules 
Strangling the Serpent — America's victory over tyranny. (See "Statues.") 
View The top of the Dome is reached by a winding stairway which opens 
from from the corridor on the left as one passes out through the north door of 
Dome the Rotunda. The stairway affords an overlook of the Rotunda itself 
from the whispering gallery beneath the canopy, and a magnificent view 
from the balustrade beneath the lantern. The view from this point is 
such as amply to repay for the toilsome ascent; but the one from the first 
balustrade, lower down, gives practically the same outlook. 

Statuary The National Statuary Hall, semi-circular in shape and designed 
Hal1 by Latrobe, after a Greek theatre, is one of the most beautiful rooms of 
the Capitol. On the north side it has a colonnade of Potomac marble with 
white capitals, and a screen of similar columns on the south side supports 
a noble arch. The domed ceiling, decorated after that of the Roman Pan- 
theon, springs 57 -it. to a cupola, by which the room is lighted. Above the 
door leading from the Rotunda is Franzoni's historical clock. The design 
is of History, with recording tablet, borne in the winged car of Time, its 
wheel supported on a globe circled by the Zodiac. In the arch above the 
south door is Causici's figure of Liberty Proclaiming Peace, and beneath 
is an eagle (by Valperti) poised as about to fly. Ranged around the hall 
are statues and portrait busts, contributed by various States. 

This room was the Hall of Representatives, and was the forum of the 
debates by Webster and Clay, Adams, Calhoun and others whose names 
are indelibly associated with the history of Congress. A plate set in the 
marble floor southwest of the centre marks the spot where John Quincy 
Adams Adams fell, stricken with paralysis, during a session of the House. In 
the room of the Clerk of the House, opening off from the Hall, is a 
memorial bust, whose inscription runs : "John Quincy Adams, who, after 
fifty years of public service, the last sixteen in yonder Hall, was sum- 
moned thence to die in this room, 23 February, 1848." 

In 1864, at the suggestion of Senator Morrill, of Vermont (then a mem- 
ber of the House), the room was set apart as a National Statuary Hall, to 
which each State might send "the effigies of two of her chosen sons, in 
marble. or bronze, to be placed permanently here." The works are: 
Adam* Samued Adams, of Massachusetts, 1722-1803. Did perhaps more than 
any other one man to bring about the Revolution. On March 6, 1770, 






The Capitol. 



35 




FRANZONIS CLOCK. 



MARBLE ROOM. 




OLD HALL OF REPRESENTATIVES— NOW STATUARY HALL. 



36 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

Statuary the day after the Boston massacre, he was spokesman of a committee sent 
HaI1 to demand the withdrawal of the British troops, and the pedestal bears 
the ultimatum he then addressed to Governor Hutchinson: "Night is ap- 
proaching. An immediate answer is expected. Both regiments or none." 
The troops were withdrawn. (By Annie Whitney.) 
Allen Ethan Allen, of Vermont, 1739-17S9. The hero of Ticonderoga. On 
the night of May 10, 1775, he led his Green Mountain Boys to the sur- 
prise of the fortress, and demanded its surrender "in the name of Jehovah 
and the Continental Congress." (By L. C. Mead.) 
Allen William Allen, of Ohio, 1806-1879. Member of Congress; Senator; 
Governor. (By Niehaus.) 
Austin Stephen F. Austin, of Texas. (By Elizabet Ney.) 
Benton Thomas Hart Benton, of Missouri, 1782-1858. Senator. 

Blair F. p Blair, Missouri, 1821-1875. Member Congress ; General Civil War. 
Carroll Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Maryland, 1737-1832. Signer of the 
Declaration ; Senator. 
Cass Lewis Cass, of Michigan, 1782-1866. General in War of 1812; Gov- 
ernor of Michigan Territory; Secretary of War under Van Buren; Minis- 
ter to France; Senator; Secretary of State under Buchanan. (By French.) 
Clinton George Clinton, of New York, 1739-1812. Member of Continental 
Congress; General in Revolution; first Governor of New York State; 
Vice-President, two terms, with Jefferson and Madison. (By H. K.Brown.) 
Collamer Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, 1792-1865. Member of Congress; Post- 
master-General under Taylor; Senator. (By P. Powers.) 
Curry J. L. M. Curry, of Alabama. Statesman, educator, patriot, orator. (By 

Dante Sodini.) 
Pulton Robert Fulton, of Pennsylvania, 1765-1815. First inventor to make 
practical application of steam power to navigation ; built first successful 
steamboat, the "Clermont," 1807. (By Howard Roberts.) 
Garfield James Abram Garfield, of Ohio, 1831-1S81. Major-General Army of 

the Cumberland; Member of Congress; elected to Senate; President. 
Greene Nathaniel Greene, of Rhode Island, 1742-1786. General in Revolution- 
ary War; commander of the Southern Army. (By Brown.) 
Hanson John Hanson, of Maryland. President Continental Congress. (Brooks.) 
Houston Sam Houston, of Texas (1793-1863). (By Elizabet Ney.) 
Ingalls John J. Ingalls, of Kansas. Senator. (By Niehaus.) 
Kenna John E. Kenna, of West Virginia. Senator. 
Kearney Philip Kearney, of New Jersey. 1815-1862. Officer in Mexican War; 
Major-General Volunteers Civil War; killed at Chantilly. (H. K. Brown.) 
King William King, of Maine. First Governor. (By Franklin Simmons.) 
Lee Robert E. Lee, of Virginia, 1807-1870. (E. V. Valentine.) See p. 141.* 
Livingston Robert R. Livingston, of New York, 1746-1813. Member of Continental 
Congress; one of the committee to draft the Declaration; first Chancellor 
of the State ; Minister to France ; completed the treaty for the Louisiana 
Purchase, and is here represened with the document. (By E. D. Palmer.) 
riorton O. P. Morton, of Indiana. (By Niehaus.) 
Marquette Per.e = Marquette. The statue, sent by Wisconsin, represents the mis- 
sionary explorer in the dress of a priest, and holding a chart of the Lac 





THE CAPITOL FRO] 






ii 



In 



-Jl 




OF CONGRESS. 



40 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

Statuary des Illinois. The inscription reads : "Wisconsin's Tribute. James Mar- 
Hall quette, S. J., who, with Louis Joliet, discovered the Mississippi River at 
Prairie du Chien, Wis., June 17, 1673." (By G. Trentanove.) 

John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, of Pennsylvania, 1746-1807. Major- 
General in Revolution; Member Congress; Senator. (Blanche Nevin.) 

Francis H. Pierpont, of West Virginia. First Governor. (By Frank- 
lin Simmons.) 

Sherman Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, 1721-1793. Member committee to draft 
Declaration; one of the signers; Member Continental Congress, United 
States Congress and Senate. (By C. B. Ives.) 
Shields James Shields, of Illinois, 1810-1879. Mexican War; Senator from Illi- 
nois, 1849; from Minnesota, 1857; General in Civil War. (By L. W. Volk.) 
Stark John Stark, of New Hampshire, 1728-1822. New Hampshire's revo- 
lutionary hero; led a regiment at Bunker Hill; took part in many of the 
most important engagements of the war. It was at Bennington, where he 
commanded the New Hampshire militia, that he made the historic speech : 
"See there, men; there are the red-coats. Before night they are ours, 
or Molly Stark will be a widow." For his gallantry on that occasion he 
was made a Brigadier-General. His portrait is in Trumbull's Surrender 
of Burgoyne, which hangs in the Rotunda. (By Conrad.) 

Stockton Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, 1730-1781. Member of Continental 
Congress; signer of the Declaration; imprisoned by the British, and sub- 
jected to hardships which eventually caused his death. (By H. K. Brown.) 

Trumbull Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, 1710-1785. Governor of Colony of 
Connecticut, and first Governor of the State; influential leader in the 
Revolution, and fertile in resources; a close friend of Washington, who 
"relied on him as one of his main pillars of support," and because of his 
skill in providing the sinews of war gave him the name of "Brother 
Jonathan," used ever since as the nickname of the United States. John 
Trumbull, artist of the Rotunda paintings, was his son. (By C. V. Ives.) 
ashlngton George Washington, of Virginia, 1732-1799. This is a plaster cast. 
The original, of white marble, is in the Capitol at Richmond. It was 
ordered by the Virginia Assembly, and the eminent French sculptor 
Houdon was intrusted with the commission through Jefferson, then Min- 
ister to France. In 1785 Houdon accompanied Franklin to America, and 
visited Mount Vernon to prepare the model. It is life size; the dress 
is the military costume of the Revolution. Lafayette pronounced this the 
best representation of Washington ever made. (By Jean Antoine Houdon.) 
The inscription was written by James Madison, afterward President: — 

"The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia have caused this statue 
to be erected as a monument of affection and gratitude to George Washington, who, 
uniting to the endowments of a hero the virtues of the patriot, and exerting both in 
establishing the liberties of his country, has rendered his name dear to his fellow- 
citizens, and given the world an immortal example of true glory. Done in the year of 
Christ one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, and in the year of the Com- 
monwealth the twelfth." 

Webster Daniel Webster, of New Hampshire, 1782-1852. Statesman, orator, the 
Great Expounder of the Constitution. This Hall of Representatives ha.s 
rung with his eloquence. (By Conrad.) 



42 



Washington, the Nation's Capital 



Willard 




FRANCES ELIZABETH WILLARD. 
The first woman to be given a place in Statuary Hall. 



Roger Williams, of Rhode Island, 
1599-1683. Founder of the Colony ; 
apostle of religious liberty. (By 
Franklin Simmons.) 

John Winthrop, of Massachu- 
setts, 1588-1649. First Governor 
of the Colony, 1629, under the 
new charter. (By R. S. Green- 
ough.) 

Frances Elizabeth Willard, of 
Illinois. Founder of the World's 
Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union; and its President 1881- 
1898. President of the National 
Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union, 1879-1898. For many 
years Dean of the Woman's Col- 
lege of the Northwestern Uni- 
versity, Evanston, Illinois. Lec- 
turer and author. (By Helen 
Farnsworth Mear.) On the pedes- 
tal is inscribed Miss Willard's 
eloquent plea : 

"Ah! it is women who have given the costliest hostages to fortune, when to the 
battle of life they have sent their best beloved with fearful odds against them. 
Oh, by the dangers they have dared, by the hours of patient watching over beds 
where helpless children lay, by the incense of ten thousand prayers wafted from their 
gentle lips to heaven— I charge you give them power to protect, along life's treach- 
erous highway, those whom they have so loved." 
Acoustics The Hall has some extraordinary acoustic properties, by which whispers 
become shouts. The variegated marble of the columns contains some 
astonishing natural pictures, perfect forms of birds and animals, and 
human faces. 

The Hall of Representatives is a legislative chamber unsurpassed 
in the world. The dimensions are: length, I3g-ft. ; width, 93-ft. ; height, 
30-ft. It is lighted by a ceiling of glass panels, set in a framework of 
iron. In the ceiling are painted the arms of the States. 

The Speaker's desk, of white marble, occupies an elevated position in 
the centre of the south side, and the desks of the Representatives are ar- 
ranged in concentric semi-circles, with radiating aisles. A silver plate on 
each mahogany desk (in House and Senate) has engraved on it the occu- 
pant's name. In front of the Speaker's desk are the desks and tables of 
the clerks and official reporters ; on his right is the Sergeant-at-Arms ; on 
his left, the Assistant Doorkeeper. The Speaker's Mace is set on its 
pedestal of Vermont marble at the right of the desk. 

The Mace is a bundle of ebony rods, bound together with ligaments of 
silver, and having on top a silver globe surmounted by a silver eagle. It 
resembles the fasces borne by the lictors before the Roman magistrates, 
and is the symbol of the Speaker's authority. The Mace is always placed 
on its pedestal when the House is in session, and is laid on the floor when 
the House is in Committee of the Whole. The Sergeant-at-Arms bears 



The 
House 



Mace 




HALL OF REPRESENTATIVES. 




WASHINGTON DECLINING OVERTURES FROM CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN. 



44 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

the symbol before him when executing the Speaker's commands to enforce 
order, or to conduct a member to the bar of the House. 

On either side of the Speaker's desk are full-length portraits of Wash- 
Paint- s ington (by Stuart, copied by Vanderlin) and Lafayette (by Ary Scheffer), 
presented to Congress by Lafayette on his last visit to this country. A 
fresco by Brumidi pictures the incident at Yorktown when Washington 
declined overtures from Cornwallis for a two days' cessation of hostilities. 
Clock Over the main entrance is the famous clock whose hands are turned 
back on the last day of the session, that the hour of adjournment may not 
be marked by it before the business of the House is finished. The clock 
is of bronze, with figures of Pioneer and Indian, and American eagle. 
Opening off from the Hall back of the Speaker's desk are the House 
Lobby Lobby and the Members' Retiring Rooms. There are landscapes by Albert 
Bierstadt picturing The Discovery of the Hudson by Hendrik Hudson in 
1609, and the Expedition under Vizcaino Landing at Monterey in 1601. 
The walls are hung with portraits of former Speakers. Under the gal- 
leries are the cloak rooms. The galleries are reached from the east and 
west corridors by magnificent stairways of Tennessee marble. 
East Facing the East Stairway is Hiram Powers' marble statue of Thomas 
stairway Jefferson. Above the first landing hangs Frank B. Carpenter's picture of 

the First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the Cabinet, 

incipation . 

clamation Sept. 22, 1862. The portraits, beginning at the left, are : Edwin M. Stan- 
ton, Secretary of War; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury; Abra- 
ham Lincoln, President; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; William 
H. Seward (seated), Secretary of State; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the 
Interior ; Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General ; Edward Bates, Attor- 
ney-General. The picture was presented to the United States by Mrs. 
Mary Elizabeth Thompson in 1878. Alex. H. Stephens, ex-Vice-President 
of the Confederacy, then a Member of the House, was one of the orators 
of its reception. In the corridor above are portraits of Gunning Bedford 
(of the Continental Congress), Charles Carroll (a signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence) and Henry Clay (by Neagle). 
West At the foot of the West Stairway is a bronze bust (by Vincenti) of 

Stairway the Chippewa Chief, Be-She-Ke. On the wall of the landing (best seen 
from the upper corridor) is Emanuel Leutze's spirited painting, West- 
ward Ho ! It has for its legend Bishop Berkeley's line : 

Westward the star of empire takes its way, 

Westward an( ^ finds its inspiration in a phase of Western settlement. The scene is 
Ho! laid in the Rocky Mountains, amid whose defiles and passes an immigrant 
train is pushing forward to a fair country beyond. The picture is full of 
life and action. Below is Bierstadt Golden Gate, harbor of San Fran- 
cisco ; and in the borders are portraits of Daniel Boone, the pioneer of 
the Southwest, and Capt. Wm. Clark, of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 
to the Columbia, 1803-6. In the upper corridor hangs a portrait of Chief 
Justice Marshall (by Brooke). 

Some of the committee rooms opening off' from the House corridors 
merit attention for their adornment The Ways and Means Room and the 




SUPREME COURT ROOM. 




leutze's westward ho! 



46 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

Appropriations Rooms are handsomely frescoed. The Military Affairs 
Room contains a series of paintings of the forts of the United States. In 
the basement the scheme of decoration in the Territories Room is of West- 
ern Indian and wild life, and the Indian Affairs Room has a collection of 
paintings by Col. Eastman of scenes among the Sioux. In the Agricul- 
tural Room, elaborately decorated by Brumidi, are pictured Cincinnatus 
called from his plow to the Dictatorship of Rome, and Putnam summoned 
to his part in the Revolution. Ancient and modern harvest scenes — Flora 
(Spring), Ceres (Summer), Bacchus (Autumn), and Boreas (Winter) — 
portraits of Washington and Jefferson, who were both farmers, and other 
details make this one of the most richly adorned rooms of the building. 

The Supreme Court Room, designed by Latrobe after Greek models, 
is a semi-circular hall, with a low-domed ceiling having square caissons 
of stucco work. The room is decorated with a screen of Ionic columns 
of Potomac marble, the white capitals modeled after those of the Temple 
of Minerva. The columns form a loggia and support a gallery. In front 
of them is the Bench of the Supreme Court. The chair of the Chief 
Justice is in the centre, with those of the eight Associates on either side. 
Outside of the space reserved for Counsel are seats for spectators. Ranged 
about the walls is a series of busts of former Chief-Justices : John Jay 
of New York, 1789-1795; John Rutledge of South Carolina, 1795-1795; 
Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, 1796-1800; John Marshall of Virginia, 
1801-1835; Roger B. Taney of Maryland, 1836-1864; Salmon P. Chase of 
Ohio, 1864-1873; Morrison R. Waite of Ohio, 1874-1888. The Supreme 
Court Room was until 1859 the Senate Chamber. 

DIAGRAM OF THE SUPREME COURT. 



n» 6 42 i 3 5 7 9 j~~ 1 

I 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 QJ 



14 



1. Chief Justice Fuller. 2. Mr. Justice Harlan. 3. Mr. Justice Brewer. 4. Mr. 
Justice Brown. 5. Mr. Justice White. 6. Mr. Justice Peckham. 7. Mr. Justice 
McKenna. 8. Mr. Justice Holmes. 9. Mr. Justice Day. 10. The Clerk's Desk. 
11. The Marshal's Desk. 12. The Reporter's Desk. 13. The Attorney-General's Desk. 
14. Counsel's Desk. 

Senate The Senate Chamber is a spacious hall, 113-ft. in length, 82-ft. wide, 
Chamber and lighted by a ceiling 36-ft. above the floor. The seats of the Senators 
are arranged in concentric rows, with the aisles radiating from the dais 
of the President's desk on the north side. On the right of the President's 
chair is that of the Sergeant-at-Arms, on the left that of the Assistant 
Doorkeeper, and in front are the desks of the clerks and official reporters. 
The room is surrounded by galleries, whence one may watch the proceed- 
ings. The walls are richly decorated in gold arabesques on delicate tints, 



The Capitol. 



47 




SENATE CHAMBER. 



with buff panels; and the glass of the ceiling is filled with symbolism of Senate 
War, Peace, Union, Progress, the Arts, Sciences and Industries. In 
wall niches around the galleries are marble busts of the Vice-Presidents 
(Presidents of the Senate), and the series is continued in the various 
halls. In the main corridor are portraits by Stuart of Washington and 
John Adams ; Patrick Henry by Matthews, Thomas Jefferson by Darby, 
Daniel Webster and Henry Clay by Darby, John C. Calhoun and Charles 
Sumner by Ingalls. The mahogany hall clock has been in the Capitol 
since 1803. Its seventeen stars were for the seventeen States then con- 
stituting the Union, the last star being for Ohio, admitted in 1802. 

The rooms connected with the Chamber are notable for richness of 
material of construction and adornment. They are the President's Room, 
Vice-President's Room, Senators' Reception Room, Public Reception 
Room, and Room of the Committee on the District of Columbia. 

The Room of the President of the United States is set apart for the use p res ident 
of the President on his visits to the Capitol, and is one to which he comes Room 
in the closing hours of the session to sign the last bills before adjourn- 
ment. It is decorated (by Brumidi) with portraits of President Washing- 
ton and his first cabinet — Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox, Randolph and Os- 
good ; with allegories of Liberty, Religion, Legislation and Executive Au- 
thority; and portraits of Columbus with emblems of Discovery, Americus 



4 8 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



Vespucius (Exploration), William Brewster (Religion), and Benjamin 
Franklin (History). Note the way in which the figure of Religion turns 
toward one from whatever part of the room it is seen. 
riarble The Senators' Reception Room, known as the Marble Room, because 
Room constructed wholly of that material, has stately Corinthian columns of 
Italian marble, paneled walls of Tennessee marble, and ceiling of marble 
from Vermont. It has a bust of Lincoln by Albert Degrout. 

The Room of the Vice-President of the United States (who is the 
President of the Senate) contains Rembrandt Peak's portrait of Wash- 
ington ; a marble bust of Vice-President Henry S. Wilson, whose tragic 
death occurred in this room, Nov. 22, 1875, and a portrait of Lafayette 
S. Foster, acting Vice-President in Andrew Johnson's term. 

The Public Reception Room is a richly furnished apartment, decorated 
in oils and frescoes by Brumidi. On the south wall is a painting of Presi- 
dent Washington in consultation with Thomas Jefferson, his Secretary of 
State, and Alexander Hamilton, his Secretary of the Treasury. The 
vaulted ceiling is all aglow with the brilliant colors of the allegories of 
War, Peace, Liberty, Plenty, Power, Temperance, Prudence and Justice. 

The Room of the Committee on the District of Columbia, originally 
designed for the Senate Library, has in the vaulted ceiling Brumidi fres- 
coes of History, Geography, Science and the Telegraph. 

The columns of the Senate vestibule have Latrobe's tobacco-leaf capi- 
tals. Latrobe's (sometimes called Jefferson's) cornstalk columns, with 
capitals of corn in the husk, are at the foot of the East Stairway (near 
the Supreme Court Room) leading to the basement. They have in- 
geniously been termed the "American order" of architecture. 

From the Senate vestibule the east door opens upon the portico. This 
is the Crawford Bronze Door designed by the American sculptor Thomas 
Crawford, and cast at Chicopee, Mass. See illustration, page 51. 

In the niches of the corridor are busts of Vice-Presidents Tyler, John- 
son and Wheeler. 





HALSALL S MONITOR AND MERRIMAC. 



, . 



WBBHB 




50 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

East From the east and west corridors stairways lead to the Senate Galleries. 
Corridor The East Stairway, of Tennessee marble, is lighted by a richly stained sky- 
'aintings jjght over the landing. At the foot of the stairs is Hiram Powers' statue 
of Benjamin Franklin (note the inimitable shrewdness of the expression), 
and on the wall of the landing hangs W. H. Powell's spirited painting of 
the Battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 13, 1813. It pictures the gallant exploit of 
Commodore Perry, transferring his colors from the disabled flagship Law- 
rence to the Niagara, in the face of a terrific cannonading. It was after 
the victory won here that Perry dispatched the famous message, "We have 
met the enemy and they are ours." 

In the corridor and halls are paintings: Heaton's Columbus Leaving 
La Rabida, Thomas Moran's Canyons of the Yellowstone and the Colo- 
rado, Halsall's First Fight of the Iron-Clads (Monitor and Merrimac, 
Hampton Roads, Va., March 9, 1862), and Mrs. C. A. Fassett's Florida 
Case before the Electoral Commission (in the Senate Chamber, Feb. 5, 
1877). The last contains a number of portraits of the public men of the 
Hayes-Tilden period; a key to the picture hangs near the window. 

The Electoral Commission was a special commission created by Congress in 
January, 1877, to decide the disputed electoral returns of the Presidential election of 
1876. It was composed of five Senators, five Representatives and five Justices of the 
Supreme Court. The cases submitted to it were those of Florida, Louisiana, South 
Carolina and Oregon. From each of these States double or multiple sets of returns 
had been received; and the election depended upon which should be accepted and 
counted. By a party vote of 8 to 7 the Commission decided every case for Hayes. 

There is here also a series of four old paintings by John B. White : 
Gen. Marion inviting a British officer to a dinner of potatoes; Mrs. Motte 
preparing to fire her house ; Sergeants Jasper and Newton ; Battle of Fort 
Moultrie, June 28, 1776. 

There are portraits in mosaic of Abraham Lincoln and James A. 
Garfield, and one in oil of Gen. John A. Dix, with the flag as an accessory 
(by Morrell). The Stars and Stripes of the Dix portrait are put here in 
commemoration of the historic dispatch sent by him as Secretary of the 
Treasury to Wm. Hemphill Jones, in New Orleans, Jan. 29, 1861 : "If any 
one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot." 
A painting of Niagara in Winter by Regis Gignoux was presented by Mrs. 
Carroll in memory of Charles Carroll. There are busts of Lincoln, 
Sumner, Crawford, Tyler, Garibaldi, Pulaski and Kosciuszko. 

(Note. — The locations of objects are subject to change.) 
West At the base of the white marble West Stairway is Story's marble statue 
stairway of John Hancock, whose name is first in the list of signatures of the 
Declaration. The pedestal is inscribed : "He wrote his name where all 
nations should behold it and all time should not efface it." On the land- 
ing is James Walker's Storming of Chapultepec, one of the defences of 
the City of Mexico, by the American Army tinder Gen. Scott, Sept. 13, 
1847. In the upper corridor is Charles Wilson Peak's Washington. 

Peale was an officer in the patriot army, and while in camp employed his leisure 
hours in painting. He began the picture of Washington at Valley Forge, obtained the 
final sitting from the commander-in-chief a day or two after the battle of Monmouth, 






» 




THE CRAWFORD DOOR — SENATE PORTICO. 
The panels commemorate the Death of Warren at Bunker Hill, ,1775; Washing- 
ton's Rebuke of Gen Charles Lee at Monmouth, 1778; Hamilton s Gallantry at 
Yorktown, 1781; Washington's Reception at Trenton when on the way to M 
Inauguraton as First President, 1789; Washington's First Inauguration, 1789, 
faying tn" 'Corner Stone of the Capitol, Sept. 18 1793 The panels below contam 
allegories of War (struggle between a Hessian and a settler), and reace. 



52 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



Peale's an( * fished the picture at Princeton. Nassau Hall at Princeton is shown in the 
Washington background, with a body of British prisoners. The sword worn by Washington is the 
one now preserved in the library of the State Department. The portrait in Vice- 
President's Room by Rembrandt Peale (son of Charles Wilson Peale) was painted 
from sittings given by Washington in 1795. Lossing records that it "was pronounced 
by the relatives and intimate friends of Washington the best likeness of Washington 
that was ever painted." 

Bronze Elaborate bronze stairways (designed by Crawford) lead to the Senate 
Stairways basement, whose corridor walls and ceilings are filled with frescoes, and 
some of whose committee rooms are deserving of attention. When Con- 
gress is in session the bronze stairways are reserved for the use of the 
Senators only; visitors should take the stairs leading from the east and 
west corridors. 
Senate Among the basement decorations are arabesques, allegorical figures, 
Committee birds and game, tracery of vine and foliage, the Indian, and portraits of 
ooms distinguished actors and notable scenes in American history. America 
is pictured now as panoplied for war, and again as reading from the Con- 
stitution. The Room of the Committee on Indian Affairs (intended for 
the Committee on Agriculture) has above the door a painting of Columbus 
and an Indian maiden, and on its walls and ceilings are some exquisite 
vine and fruit pieces. In the room of Military Affairs five frescoes (by 
Brumidi) depict the Boston Massacre, the Battle of Lexington, the Death 
of Wooster, Washington at Valley Forge, and the Storming of Stony 
Point. Above the doors of the Foreign Relations Room is a fresco copy 
of West's painting of the Signing of Preliminary Articles of Peace between 
the United States and Great Britain, at Paris, Nov. 13, 1782; and within 
are portraits of Clay, Allen, Cameron and Sumner, in their times chairmen 
of the committee. The negotiations between the United States and France 
which led to the Louisiana Purchase (April 30, 1803), give the theme for 




OFFICE BUILDING OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Under construction southeast of the Capitol. 

An office building for the use of members of the House of Representatives is under 
construction, to occupy the block on B street, between New Jersey Avenue and 
First street, southeast of the Capitol. A similar building, for the use of the Senate, 
is erecting northeast of the Capitol, covering the entire block bounded by First, B, 
Second and C streets. The buildings are of white marble and are precisely alike as 
to exterior. The House building will contain 410 rooms; that of the Senate 99. 
The buildings will be connected with the Capitol by subways. The appropriation for 
each building was $2,500,000. 



The Capitol. 



53 



the exterior decoration of the Territories Room. Other portraits are of 
Fulton, over the door of the Patents Room ; Franklin, over that of the 
Post-Ofhces and Post-Roads Room; Fitch (steamboat inventor), over the 
Senate Post-Office, and Las Casas (Apostle to the American Indians). 
A Senate office building is under construction northwest of the Capitol. 

Underneath the Rotunda is a chamber formed by a colonnade of Doric 
columns with groined ceiling. A star in the floor designates the centre of 
the Capitol. A crypt below was designed to be the tomb of Washington, 
but it was never used for this purpose. 

The corner-stone of the original Capitol is to the right of the Rotunda 
portico ; it may be reached by descending the 'flight of steps on the right 
after leaving the Rotunda by the north door. It is marked with a beau- 
tiful bronze memorial tablet, set in place in 1895. 

In 1904 certain descendants of the French officers who fought in the 
American Revolution presented to this country a bronze bust of Washing- 
ton, by David d' Angers, to replace one which was destroyed by fire in the 
Capitol in 185 1. 



Senate 

Committee 

Rooms 



Crypt 



Corner 
Stone 



D'Angers 
Bust 




THE PRESIDENT S ROOM. 






BRONZE DOORS — HOUSE PORTICO. 
See page 20. 




Melpomene, Muse of Tragedy. 



THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

And its Mural Decorations. 

*** The eighty-six key pictures of paintings and architecture are miniatures from the volume of 
eproductions entitled "Book of the Paintings of the Library of Congress," published by Foster & 
Reynolds, who publish also The Library Paintings.reproduced in the original colors. 

THE Library grounds adjoin those of the Capitol. The building 
faces west upon First street, and the outer walls have a frontage 
upon four streets (First, East Capitol, Second and B streets). 
The grounds and the seventy residences upon them cost $585,000. 
The foundations were laid in 1888, and the building was begun in 1889, and was 
completed 1897. The net cost, exclusive of site, was $6,032,124.54. 

The original architectural plans were prepared by the firm of Smithmeyer 
& Pelz. These were modified by those of Edward Pearce Casey. 

The building is of the Italian Renaissance order of architecture; it has 
three stories, with a dome; and is in area 470X340- ft., covering nearly 2V2 
acres of ground, with four large inner courts, 150 by 75 to 100-ft, and nearly 
2,000 windows render it the best lighted library in the world. '4 

The plan and arrangement are shown in our diagram. The building con- 
sists of a great central rotunda, which is the reading-room ; from which radi- 
ate book-stacks, and which is inclosed in a parallelogram of galleries and 
pavilions. The building material employed is for the exterior walls white 
granite from New Hampshire, and for the inner courts Maryland granite and 
white enameled bricks. 

1 There are three stories. On the ground floor are the copyright office, 

[reading room for the blind, and superintendent's office. The first floor con- 

i tains the reading room (where the books are consulted), the librarian's 

room, periodical reading room, Senate and Representatives' reading room, 

and map room. The pavilions and galleries of the second floor are devoted to 



56 



The Library of Congress. 



exhibits of engravings and other collections, including rare books, first edi- 
tions, portraits of the Presidents and other personages. 

Exterior Decorations.. — The Dome is finished in black copper, with panels 
gilded with a thick coating of gold leaf. The cresting of the Dome above the 
lantern, 195-ft. from the ground, terminates in a gilded finial, representing the 
torch of Science, ever burning. 

The thirty-three windows of the corner pavilion and of the west faqade 
have carved heads representing the several races of men. The types are : 
Russian Slav, Blonde Euron«_an, Brunette European, Modern Greek, Persian, 
Circassian, Hindoo, Hungarian, Jew, Arab, Turk, Modern Egyptian, Abyssin- 
ian, Malay, Polynesian. Australian, Negrito, Zulu, Papuan, Soudan Negro, 
Akka, Fuegian, Botocudo, Pueblo Indian, Esquimau, Plains Indian, Samo- 
yede, Corean, Japanese, Aino. Burmese, Thibetan, Chinese. 

The Bronze Fountain, by riinton Perry, represents the Court of Neptune, 
with conch-blowing tritons. sea nymphs, sea horses, serpents, frogs and turtles. 

The Entrance Pavilion has sixteen rounded pillars with Corinthian capitals. 
Four colossal Atlantes support the pediment, on which are sculptured Ameri- 
can eagles, with supporting figures of children. In the windows are nine 
colossal portrait-busts in granite': Emerson and Irving, by Hartley; Goethe, 
Franklin and Macaulay, by Ruckstuhl ; Hawthorne, by Hartley; Scott, by 
Adams ; Demosthenes and Dante, by Adams. The sculptures over the en- 
trances by Bela L. Pratt typify Literature, Science and Art 

The Bronze Doors. 

Bronze Door — Printing. — By Frederick Macmonnies. — Minerva presiding 
over the "Diffusion of the Products of the Typographical Art." Two winged 
figures of youthful genii are, as her envoys, conveying to mankind the bless- 
ings of learning and literature. By Minerva's side is her owl ; other sugges- 
tions are the hour-glass, the old-fashioned printing press, the stork (as the 
bird of home), and a Pegasus. The legend: "Homage to Gutenberg." (Gu- 
tenberg was the inventor of printing, Germany, 1400-1468.) In the panels 
idealizations are of Intellect and Humanities. 




Bronze Fountain — Court of Neptune. 



H. 




58 



The Library of Congress. 




Bronze Door — Tradition. 



Bronze Door — Writing. — By Olin L. Warner. — A 
mother is. instructing her children from the written 
record of the scroll. On one side is an Egyptian 
scribe with his stylus, and a Jewish patriarch; on 
the other, a Greek with a lyre and a Christian with 
the cross. In the panels are Truth with mirror 
and serpent and Research with torch. 
Bronze Door — Tradition. — By Olin L. Warner. — 
Tradition is typified as a woman reciting her 
story to a boy. Listening to the tale are four 
representative types of mankind — a Norse war- 
rior, with winged cap and battle-axe ; a shep- 
herd with his crook ; a primitive man with his stone 
axe, and an American Indian with his arrows. 
The Indian figure is a portrait of Chiel 
Joseph of the Nez Perces. In, the left panel is 
Imagination with the lyre, emblematic of recitation and song; in the right 
stands widowed Memory clasping the sword and helmet of her dead. The 
genii below support the wings of Imagination and the memorial urn. 

Entrance Pavilion — Vestibule. 

The Minerva of Defensive War and the Minerva of Wisdom and the Liberal 
Arts, sculptural figures, by Herbert Adams, are repeated in eight pairs. The 
white marble of the vestibule is from Italy. The gold of the ceiling is like 
that of the dome, 22-carats fine. 

Entrance Pavilion — Grand Stair Hall. 

The Central Stair Hall is a magnificent apartment, unsurpassed by any 
other entrance hall in the world. It is lined throughout with fine Italian 
marble, highly polished. On the sides rise lofty rounded columns, with ela- 
borate carved capitals of Corinthian design ; while the arches are adorned 
with marble rosettes, palm leaves and foliated designs of exquisite finish and 
delicacy. The great height of this entrance hall, rising 72-ft. to the skylight, 




PLAN OF THE FIRST FLOOR AND DECORATIONS. 




THE XORTH STAIRWAY IN THE CENTRAL STAIR HALL. 



6o 



The Library of Congress. 



with its vaulted ceiling, and the grand douhle staircase, with its white marble 
balustrades leading up on either side, exhibit an architectural effect which 
may fitly be termed imposing. The newel posts of the stairway are enriched 
by beautiful festoons of leaves and flowers, and are surmounted by two bronze 
lamp-bearers for electric lights. The staircases are ornamented with twenty- 
six miniature marble figures by Martiny, carved in relief, representing in em- 
blematic sculpture the various arts and sciences. This beautiful and spacious 
entrance hall has been described as "a vision in polished stone," and, taken in 
connection with the grand corridors and the rich'./ decorated Reading Room, 
the Library may be pronounced the finest marble interior in America. 
Commemorative Arch. — The spandrel figures by Warner are of Students, one 
a boy, the other an old man, for books are alike for the instruction of youth 
and solace of age. The panel, with fasces and eagle on either side, records : 

Erected under the acts of Congress of April 15, 1886; October 2, 1888, and March 2, 1889, by 
Brig.-Gen. Thos. Lincoln Casey, Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. Bernard R. Green, Supt. and I ngi- 
neer. John L. Smithmeyer, Architect. Paul J. Pelz, Architect. Edward Pearce Casey, Architect. 

Martiny Staircases. — In the south stairway railing the sculptures arc : Me- 
chanic with cog-wheel, Hunter with rabbit, Vintager with grapes and wine 
glass, Farmer with sickle and sheaf of wheat, Fisherman with rod and fish, 
Soldier with helmet, Chemist with blowpipe, and Cook with steaming pot. 
The buttress figures are of America and Africa, supporting a globe showing 
these continents. On the balustrade above are Comedy, Tragedy and Poetry. 

The figures of the north stairway are : Gardener with rake and spade, En- 
tomologist with net and specimen case, Student with mortar-board cap and 
book, Printer in paper cap with press and type, Musician with lyre and music 
book, Physician with mortar, retort and serpent, Electrician with telephone 
and electric light, Astronomer with telescope, globe and compasses. On the 
buttress are Europe (with lyre, book and column) and Asia (with dragon 
vase). The balustrade figures are Painting, Architecture and Sculpture. 

In the cove of the ceiling are Martiny's flying half-figures supporting the 
device of lamp and book. Tablets bear the names of Moses, Herodotus, Dante, 
Homer, Milton, Bacon, Aristotle, Goethe, Shakespeare, Moliere; Cervantes, 
Hugo, Scott, Cooper, Longfellow, Tennyson, Gibbon, Bancroft. 
The Points of the Compass radiate from a conventional sun inlaid in brass 
in the floor, surrounded by the Signs of the Zodiac. The Building faces west. 




Europe and Asia. 




.\ 




THE EOTUNDA — READING ROOM. 



62 



The Library of Congress. 




Entrance Pavilion — South Hall. 

Poetry. — By II. O. Walker. In Lyric Poetry, the central figure is an ideali- 
zation of the Muse, laurel-crowned and striking the lyre. She is attended by 
Passion with arm upraised responding to the strains, Beauty, and Mirth, 
Pathos with eyes raised to heaven, Truth, and Devotion with bowed head. 
Poets' Boys. — Six paintings present ideals of youthful subjects of the poets: 






Uriel. 



Boy of YVinander. 



Emerson— Uriel. 



This was the lapse of Uriel, 
Which in Paradise befell, 
Once among the Pleiads walking, 
Said overheard the young gods talking 
One, with low tones that decide, 
And doubt and reverend use defied, 
With a look that solved the sphere, 
And stirred the devils everywhere, 
Gave his sentiment divine 
Against the being of a line: 



"Line in nature is not found, 
Unit and Universe are round; 
In vain produced, all rays return, 
Evil will bless and ice will burn." 

As Uriel spoke with piercing eye, 

A shudder ran around the sky; 

The stern old war-gods shook their heads, 

The seraphs frowned from myrtle-beds. 



Boy; 



Wordsworth — The Boy of Winander. 

ye knew him well, ye 



There was 

cliffs 

And islands of Winander! — many a time, 
At evening, when the earliest stars began 
To move along the edges of the hills, 
Rising or setting, would he stand alone. 
Beneath the trees, or by the glimmering 

lake ; 
And there, with fingers interwoven, both 

hands 
Pressed closely palm to palm and to his 

mouth 
Uplifted, he, as through an instrument, 
Blew mimic hootings to the silent owls, 
That they might answer him. — And they 

would shout 
Across the watery vale, and shout again, 



Responsive to his call, with quivering peals, 
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes 

loud 
Redoubled and redoubled; concourse wild 
Of jocund din! And, when there came a 

pause 
Of silence such as baffled his best skill: 
Then, sometimes, in that silence, while he 

hung 
Listening, a gentle shock of mild surprise 
Plas carried far into his heart the voice 
Of mountain torrents; or the visible scene 
Would enter unawares into his mind 
With all its solemn imagery, its rocks, 
Its woods, and that uncertain heaven re- 
ceived 
Into the bosom of the steady lake. 



Hall of the Poets. 



63 



This boy was taken from his mates, and died 
In childhood, ere he was full twelve years 

old. 
Pre-eminent in beauty is the vale 
Where he was born and bred: the church- 
yard hangs 



Upon a slope above the village school; 
And, through that churchyard when my 

way has led 
On summer evenings, I believe, that there 
A long half-hour together I have stood 
Mute— looking at the grave in which he lies! 




Comus. 



Adonis. 



Milton— Comus. 



Comus, the enchanter, in the wood at night, listens to the song of The Lady, and at 
its conclusion exclaims: 

Can any mortal mixture of earth's mould 
Breathe such divine, enchanting ravishment? 

Shakespeare— Adonis. 

Adonis, the young hunter loved by Venus, unmindful of the entreaties of the goddess, 
left her side to hunt the wild boar, by which he was slain. Venus discovers him. 

She looks upon his lips, and they are pale; 
She takes him by the hand, and that is cold; 
She whispers in his ears a heavy tale, 
As if they heard the woeful words she told; 
She lifts the coffer-lids that close his eyes, 
Where, lo, two lamps, burnt out, in darkness lies. 

"Wonder of Time," quoth she, "this is my spite 

That, thou being dead, the day should yet be light!" 




Endymion. 



Ganymede. 



Keats — Endymion. 



The story runs that from her silver chariot of the moon, Diana beheld the shepherd 
boy Endymion asleep upon Mount Latmos; and enamored of his beauty, descended to 
press a kiss upon his lips. Night after night in her course across the heavens, the god- 
dess paused to caress the youth; and Endymion, each time but partially awakened, was 
conscious of her presence only as the sweet vision of a dream. 

Tennyson— Ganymede. 

When Jupiter came down to earth, to seek a successor to Hebe as Cupbearer to the 
Gods, he took the form of an eagle, and flying over Mount Ida, saw the Trojan Prince 
Ganymede, whom he carried off to Olympus. Tennyson in his "Palace of Art" de- 
scribes, as among the pictures decorating its walls, one of Ganymede borne aloft by the 
eagle — 

Or else flushed Ganymede, his rosy thigh 
Half-buried in the Eagle's down, 
Sole as a flying star shot thro' the sky 
' Above the pillar'd town. 



64 



The Library of Congress. 




Joy and Memory. 



Toy and Memory are idealized in 
the painting above the arch in the 
west wall. Joy is attended by a boy 
with a lamb; Memory sits by a sculp- 
tured marble. The composition sym- 
bolizes the dual office of poetry as 
giving expression to the joyousness 
of life and as commemorating the men 



and the deeds of the past. The inscription is from Wordsworth : 

The Poets, who on earth have made us heirs 
Of truth and pure delight by heavenly lays. 

In the mosaic ceiling are names of poets : Theocritus, Pindar, Anacreon, 
Sappho, Catullus, Horace, Petrarch, Ronsard, Longfellow, Lowell, Whittier, 
Bryant, Whitman, Poe, Browning, Shelley, Byron, Musset, Hugo, Heine. 

South Curtain Corridor. 

Greek Heroes. — By Walter McEwen. The paintings have for their themes 
incidents in the Greek myths of Paris, Jason, Bellerophon, Orpheus, Per- 
seus, Prometheus, Theseus, Achilles and Hercules. 

Paris. — When Juno, Minerva and Venus contended as to which was the 
fairest, they left the decision to Paris, a shepherd boy on Mount Ida. To 
influence him, Juno promised him power, Minerva martial glory, and Venus the 
most beautiful woman in the world. He decided in favor of Venus, and she 
gave him Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta. Paris accordingly repaired 
to the court of Menelaus. and Helen eloped with him to Troy. The Greeks, 
making the cause of Menelaus their own, besieged Troy to recover Helen, 
and the Trojan War followed. 

Theseus sailed with a company of Athenian youths and maidens who were 
sent as a tribute to King Minos of Crete to be given over to the Minotaur, 
a monster half-bull and half human, which fed on human flesh. Ariadne, 




Paris at the Court of Menelaus and Helen. 



The Greek Heroes. 



63 




Prometheus Theseus. 

the daughter of Minos, fell in love with Theseus, and gave him (he clue of 
the labyrinth, by which he was enabled to reach and shy the Minotaur. 
Ariadne set sail with the h to for Athens ; but on the way, at the isle of 
Naxos, Minerva, in a dream, directed Theseus to desert her, and in obedience 
to the command he sailed away and left Ariadne sleeping. 

Prometheus having stolen fire from heaven, Jupiter created the first woman, 
Pandora, for the punishment of mankind, and sent her to Prometheus. He 
refused her, and vainly cautioned his brother Epimetheus not to accept her. 




rat= 



Achilles. 



Hercules. 



Pandora holds the fateful box, from which were to be let fly into the world 
all human ills, only Hope remaining to bless mankind. 

Hercules having killed a man was condemned to serve Omphale, the Queen 
of Lydia, as a slave. Appareled in feminine dress, the hero was put to spin- 
ning and other woman's tasks. 

Achilles \\ s disguised by his mother as a school girl and sent to a distant 
court in order that he might not be enlisted in the Trojan War. The wily 
Ulysses set out to find him, and assuming the character of a peddler displayed 
his wares. The girls chose feminine trinkets, but Achilles was attracted to 
a man's shield and casque, and thus revealed himself. 




Bellerophon, 



66 



The Library of Congress. 




Jason. Orpheus. 

Bellerophon, commissioned to slay the Chimsera, a monster with lion's head, 
goat's body and dragon's tail, receives from Minerva the golden bridle of the 
winged horse Pegasus, by whose aid he is to accomplish the task. 
Perseus was sent by King Polydectes to slay the Gorgon, Medusa, a crea- 
ture of aspect so terrible that whoever looked upon her face was turned to 
stone. By the aid of Minerva Perseus beheaded the Gorgon, and returned to 
the court of Polydectes, as that monarch was celebrating with a banquet a 
forced marriage with Danae, the mother of Perseus. The hero came just in 
time to rescue his mother by confronting the King and his company with 
the Gorgon's head and so turning them into stone. 

Jason was the leader of the expedition of the Argonauts, who went in quest 
of the Golden Fleece. This was the fleece of a ram, which was preserved by 
the King of Colchis, and guarded by a dragon. By the aid of the sorceress 
Medea, Jason was successful and brought the Fleece back to Athens. 
Orpheus, having failed to bring back his wife Eurydice from the realms 
of Pluto, retired to Mount Athos. Here his solitude was invaded by the 
Thracian women celebrating their Bacchic rites ; and when he repelled their 
advances, in their fury they stoned him to death. 

Representatives' Reading Room. 

Mosaic Mantels. — By Frederick Dielman. The mantels of Italian marble 
are the richest and most beautiful adornments of the building. The mosaic 
panels (exceeding 7 feet by 3 feet in size) have for subjects Law and History. 

Law, a woman of radiant countenance and wearing the aegis, is enthroned 
upon a dais. At her feet are doves of peace, the bound volume of the sta- 
tutes, and the scales of justice. She holds a palm branch toward Truth with 
her lilies, Peace with twig of olive, and Industry with artisan's cap and ham- 
mer; and interposes a sword against skulking Fraud, Discord with malign 
serpents, and Violence with sword and torch. 

History. — In the center stands the Muse of History with recording pen and 
gold-clasped volume. In the panels are names of great historians : Herod- 
otus, Thucydides, Polybius, Livy, Tacitus, Bseda, Comines, Plume, Gibbon, 
Niebuhr, Guizot, Ranke, Bancroft, Motley. On the left side sits Mythology 
with recording stylus and globe symbolic of the myths of the worlds. Beside 
her are a winged Sphinx and Pandora's box. On the right is the venerable 
figure of Tradition, and by her with a lyre sits a youthful poet, who will sing 
the story that she tells. In the distance back of Mythology, rise the Pyramids 



Representatives' Reading Room. 



67 




... 








Mosaic Mantel— Law. 



of Egypt, back of History the Parthenon of Greece, and beyond Tradition 
the Colosseum of Rome. 

The oak tympanums over the doors are by C. H. Niehaus with mo- 
tives of Minerva's owl and the American eagle. 

Pictorial Spectium of Light. — Carl Gutherz has painted in ceiling panels 
idealizations of the seven primary colors : Indigo, the Light of Science. 
Blue, the Light of Truth. Green, the Light of Research. Yellow, the Light 
of Creation. Orange, the Light of Progress. Red, the Light of Poetry. 
Violet, the Light of State. 

Senate Reading Room. 

The Senate Reading Room ceiling is decorated with a gold ground on which 
are floating female figures. Above the mantel is carved the shield of the 
Union surmounted by the American Eagle. (By Adams.) 





Mosaic Mantel— History. 



68 



The Library of Congress. 



Entrance Pavilion — Reading Room Lobby. 

Government of the Republic and the results of good and bad administration 

are symbolized by Elihu Vedder in five paintings as follows : 

Government, majestic of mien and laurel-crowned, holds the scepter, and a 

tablet, on which is Lincoln's characterization : "A government of the people, 

by the people, for the people." Genii bear the sword of authority and the bridle 

of restraint. The oak typifies strength. 

Good Administration, the genius of America, is seated beneath an arch, of 

which each stone fills its office of support for all the others, as every State 




Government. 



Good Administration. 



must contribute to the upholding of the Union. She holds, evenly balanced, 
the scales of justice, and supports a shield whose divisions represent the idea 
of political parties. In her lap is the open book of the laws. To one ballot 
urn comes a youth to cast his vote ; his books indicate that intelligence must 
qualify for the franchise. Into the 
other urn, public opinion winnows the 
wheat from the chaff. The fig tree and 
the wheat fields indicate domestic tran- 
quility. Good administration insures 
peace and prosperity. 
Peace and Prosperity are symbolized 
by a goddess who extends laurel 
wreaths in token of encouragement 
and reward to Agriculture and Art. 
In the background is the olive tree. 

Corrupt Legislation has gathered to herself cornucopias of gold, the sources of 
which are shown by the corruptionist placing his bribe in her sliding scale. 
That the Briber has purchased legislation is indicated by the book of the law 
which he holds on his own lap, and by the overthrown ballot urn at his feet. 




Peace and Prosperity. 




Corrupt Legislation. 



Anarchy, 



The Book Series. 



69 




The Cairn. 



Oral Tradition. 



The strong box, the coin and the busy factories tell of his prosperity. Honest 
Industry, with empty distaff, sues for recognition in vain. The factory chim- 
neys in the distance are smokeless. The flying leaves of the vine presage decay. 
Anarchy, holding aloft as a brand the flaming scroll of the Constitution and 
clutching the cup of madness, is here the presiding genius amid universal 
wreck and ruin. Serpents are twisted in her hair. One foot rests upon the 




Hieroglyphics. 



The Pictograph. 



downfallen aich of the State ; with the other she is spurning religion, learn- 
ing, art and law. Ignorance and Violence are assisting in the overthrow. The 
broken mill and cog wheels typify the ruin of industries. The tree is withered 
and dead. The bomb with fuse alight foretells the end. 

Entrance Pavilion— East Hall. 

The Evolution of the Book. — By John W. Alexander, a series of six panels: 
1. The Cairn erected by prehistoric man on the seashore, a mere heap of 
boulders to commemorate some notable event. 2. Oral Traditions. — The Ori- 
ental story-teller, relating his tale to a group of absorbed listeners. 3. Hiero- 
glyphics chiseled upon the face of a monumental tomb by the Egyptian stone- 
cutter. 4. The Pictograph, or picture writing, by which the primitive Ameri- 
can Indian records on the painted buffalo robe his rude story of the war trail 




The Manuscript 



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72 



The Library of Congress. 




North Hall of Entrance Pavilion. 



and the chase. 5. The Manuscript 
engrossed and illuminated by the 
monastic scribes of the Middle Ages. 
6. The Printing Press. — Gutenberg, 
the inventor of printing, is reading a 
proof which has just come from the 
press. 

The Ceiling Decorations are em- 
blems of arts and sciences, with 
names of Americans who have 
achieved distinction in them: Archi- 
tecture — Latrobe, Walter, architects 

of the Capitol. Music — Mason, Gottschalk. Painting — Stuart, Allston. 
Sculpture — Powers, Crawford. Poetry — Emerson, Holmes. Natural 
Science — Say, Dana. Mathematics — Pierce, Bowditch. Astronomy — 
Bond, Rittenhouse. Engineering — Francis, Stevens. Natural Philosophy — 
Silliman, Cook. Medicine — Cross, Wood, McDowell, Rush, Warren. Law — 
Hamilton, Kent, Pinckney, Shaw, Taney, Marshall, Story, Gibson, Webster, 
Curtis. Theology — Mather, Edwards, Channing, Beecher, Brooks. 

Librarian's Room. 

In the ceiling of the Librarian's room is E. J. Holslag's idealization of 

Literature, as a woman of benign 
aspect ; she holds a scroll, and is at- 
tended by a youthful genius bearing 
a lamp. The theme is repeated in 
other female figures in the corners be- 
low, with the symbols of book, torch 
and lute. The ceiling decoration 
shows the Greek lamp, Minerva's owl, 
books, palms, girls with garlands and 
heralds of fame. The wall and ceiling quotations are given elsewhere. 

Entrance Pavilion — North Hall. 

The Family. — Charles Sprague Pearce's paintings have for their theme The 
Family, and Religion, Labor, Study, Recreation and Rest, as elements of civil- 




Floating Scroll Bearers. 




amily. 



1 he Family. 



73 




Labor. Study. 

ization. In The Family the central figure is the child in arms, which the 
mother holds out to crow a welcome to the father just returned from the 
hunt. There are two older sisters in the group, while the grandfather and the 
grandmother look on with fond affection. In Religion, two worshippers kneel 
before a stone altar, from which ascends the smoke of their sacrifice. 
Labor is represented by two young farmers clearing the land. In the other 
panels are girlish figures ; in Study, with books and compasses ; in Recreation, 




Recreation. Rest, 

delighting in the music of pipe and tambourine ; in Rest, reclining by an invit- 
ing pool. Above the window two floating figures support a scroll with the wise 
saying of Confucius : "Give instruction unto those who cannot procure it for 
themselves." In the ceiling are names of educators : Froebel, Pestalozzi, 
Rousseau, Comenius, Ascham, Howe, Gallaudet, Mann, Arnold, Spencer. 




Religion. 



74 



The Library of Congress. 



North Curtain Corridor. 

The Muses. — Edward Simmons. Melpomene, Muse of Tragedy, has the 
tragic mask. The genii hold laurel crown and brazier of fire, suggestions 
which are repeated in the other paintings. Clio, Muse of History, whose 
records are of heroic deeds, has for symbols a wreathed helmet and torch. 
Thalia, Muse of Gaiety, Pastoral Life and Comedy; faun with Pan's pipes; 




Euterpe — Lyric Poetry, Mistress of Son 



Terpsichore — Choral Dance. 




Erato — Love Poetry. Polyhymnia — Inspired Song, Sacred Music. 

comic mask. Euterpe, Muse of Lyric Poetry, the Mistress of Song, has a 
flute. Terpsichore, Muse of the Choral Dance, is striking the cymbals. Erato, 
Muse of Love Poetry, has a garland of white roses; a crouching lioness typi- 
fies her universal sway. Polyhymnia, Inspired Song and Sacred Music — an 
open book. Urania, Astronomy — mathematical instruments. Calliope, Epic 
Poetry and Eloquence — scroll and peacock feather. 




THE MOSAIC MINERVA. 
By Elihu Vedder. 



76 



The Library of Congress. 




Prudence. 



Courage. 



Patriotism. 



Fortitude. 



THE VIRTUES 

THE SECOND FLOOR 



Entrance Pavilion — North Corridor. 

The Virtues. — Geo. W. Maynard's paintings of floating female figures, in the 
Pompeiian style, on a vermillion ground, symbolize the Virtues. Fortitude is 
armor-clad, with casque, cuirass and greaves, buckler and mace. Justice sup- 
ports a globe, and holds a drawn sword. Industry's emblems are the spindle, 
distaff and flax. Concordia, with olive branch, pours from a cornucopia 
grains of wheat symbolic of the prosperity of peace. (See South Corridor.) 
Wisdom, Understanding, Knowledge, Philosophy. — By Robert Reid. Wis- 
dom holds a tablet. Understanding has a scroll. Knowledge holds a book. 





Wisdom. 



Understanding. 



Knowledge. 



Philosophy. 



Philosophy's attitude is of reflection and meditation; in the background is a 
Greek temple, the ancient home of philosophy. 

The Senses. — By Robert Reid. In the ceiling the Senses are idealized as 
beautiful young women. Taste is sipping from a shell ; the accessories are 
bunches of grapes. Sight contemplates herself in a hand glass; she is at- 
tended by a peacock, pleasing to look upon. Smell inhales the fragrance of a 
full-blown rose, plucked from a bank of flowers by her side. Hearing presses 



North Corridor. 



77 




Temperance. 



Justice. Concordia. 

THE VIRTUES. 



Industry. 



to her ear a shell which murmurs of the sea. Touch looks with delight upon 
a bu-tterrly which has alighted on her arm ; by her lies a dog. 
Ancient Games are shown in small ceiling panels, suggestive of the relaxation 
and recreation which must lighten labor and study — Throwing the Discus, 
Wrestling, Running, the Finish, the Wreath of Victory, the Triumph. 
Printers' Marks, the distinctive emblematic devices, answering to trade- 
marks, used by printers and publishers on the title-pages of their books, are 
employed as motives in all the entrance pavilion corridors of this floor. There 
are fifty-six in all, the earliest being that of Fust and Schoffer, 1457. The 
marks in this corridor are of American and British publishers ; the supporting 
figures are griffins and swans. The trophy medallions are filled with symbols 




Taste. 



Smell. 
THE SENSES. 



Sight. 



of sciences and industries — Geometry, Meteorology, Forestry, Navigation, 
Mechanics, Transportation. 

Sibyls. — The sculptures in the vault, above the west window, by R. H. Perry, 
represent the Sibyls, or ancient prophetesses, who interpreted omens, delivered 
oracles, and foretold the future. The Sibyls here portrayed are the Greek and 
the Eastern or Persian. In a corresponding position in the south corridor 
are the Roman and Scandinavian. In the border of the arch above this win- 
dow is in obverse and reverse the Great Seal of the United States. Over the 
east window is the Western Hemisphere, 



yS The Library of Congress. 

Entrance Pavilion — East Corridor. 

Literature. — In the ceiling George R. Barse, Jr., has painted a series of female- 
figures personifying the departments of Literature. Lyrica (Lyric Poetry) 
with lyre, Tragedy with tragic mask, Comedy with laughing mask and tam- 
bourine, History with palm branch, scroll, and scroll-box, Romance with pen, 
scroll and wreath, Fancy musing as in a day dream. Tradition with a Nike 
or Winged Victory, Erotica (Love Poetry) with tablet and pen. 
The Fates. — In ceiling panels W. A. Mackay has taken for his theme the 
Thread of Life as spun by the Three Fates fabled by the ancients to preside 
over the life of man and control his destiny — Clotho, who spins the thread, 
Lachesis, who twists it, and Atropos, who cuts it. Clotho is here with her 
distaff. The child is just ushered into life. There is a twig of a tree. The 
legend runs : "For a web begun, God sends thread." In the second panel is 
Lachesis, with her loom. The child has become a mature man, the tree is in 
full bearing, and from its boughs the man has plucked a measure of fruit. 
The legend reads : "The web of life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill to- 
gether." Lastly is seen Atropos, with her shears; and before her the decrepit 
old man on crutches is sinking to the ground, his face turned to the setting sun. 
The tree is withered and bare. The inscription is from Milton's "Lycidas." 

And slits the thin-spun life. 

Comes the blind Fury with tlr abhorred shears 

The inscriptions below the three panels give this adaptation of Cardinal 
Wolsey's similitude of the life of man to that of the tree: 

This is the state of man. To day he puts forth 

The tender leaves of hopes; to-morrow blossoms, 

And bears his blushing honors thick upon him. 

The third day comes a frost and nips his root, and then he falls. 

The Printers' Marks are Italian and Spanish. The Commemorative Tablets, 

at the end of the corridor, bear the names of American printers, type founders 

and press builders : Green, Daye, Franklin, Thomas, Bradford, Clymcr, 

Adams, Gordon, Hoe, Bruce. 

L'Allegro, II Penseroso. — Paintings on the Wall, by W. B. Van Ingen, arc 

idealizations of Milton's L'Allegro and II Penseroso. L'Allegro, or Mirth, 

a fair-haired, blue-eyed woman, reclines amid the flowers and sunshine of a 

summer's day, attended by playful children. Milton's invocation is given : 

Come thou goddess fair and free, Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles, 

In Heaven ycleped Euphrosyne, Nods and becks, and wreathed smiles, 

And by men, heart-easing Mirth. Such as hang on Hebe's cheek, 

Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee And love to live in dimple sleek. 
Jest and youthful jollity, 

77 Penseroso, or Melancholy, is pictured as a dark-eyed, dark-haired woman, 

in pensive reverie, in an autumnal wood ; and the poem is quoted : 

Hail, thou goddess, sage and holy, And looks commercing with the skies, 

Hail divinest Melancholy, Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes: 

Come, but keep thy wonted state, There, held in holy passion still, 

With even step and musing gait, Forget thyself to marble. 

The marble arches and domes are elaborately carved, and have a wealth of 
symbolic decorations. Trophy medallions in the six domes represent: The 



Stairway to Reading Room. 



79 






. -- - — — — ™ - 



_.„_ — _ — __. — __^- 





II Penseroso. 



L'Allegn 



Drama (masks), Music (lyre), Sculpture (carved figure), Literature (lamp 
and book), Architecture (a column capital), Painting (palette and brush). 
Architecture is represented by the names in gold. Roman and the Colosseum, 
Agra (India) and the Taj Mahal, Athens and the Parthenon, Gizeh and the 
Pyramids. For Sculpture are named the Farnese Bull, Laocoon, Niobe, Par- 
thenon Pediment ; Venus, Apollo, Zeus, Hercules. 

Stairway to Reading Room Rotunda. 

Minerva. — By Elihu Vedder. From the east corridor a stairway ascends to 
the balcony of the reading room ; on the wall of the landing is Elihu Vedder's 

mosaic of Minerva, the Goddess of Wisdom. 
She displays a scroll upon which is inscribed a 
list of the Sciences, Arts and Letters. She 
carries her spear; upon her breast is the £egis, 
with its Gorgon's head, plates of steel, and bor- 
der of twisted serpents ; and at her feet lie hel- 
met and shield. On her right is the owl ; on her 
left a statuette of Nike, the Winged Victory of 
the Greeks, standing upon a globe, and extend- 
ing the wreath of victory and the palm branch 
of peace. The background shows a fair stretch- 
ing landscape, and the sun of prosperity sheds 
its effulgence over all. The enrollment on the 
scroll reads : Agricultural, Education, Me- 
chanics, Commerce, Government, History, 
Astronomy, Geography, Statistics, Economics, 
Sculpture, Architecture, Music, Poetry, Biogra- 
phy, Geology, Botany, Medicine, Philosophy, Law, Politics, Arbitration, 
Treaties, Army, Navy, Finance, Art of War. 




Entrance Pavilion— South Corridor. 

The Virtues. — By Geo. W. Maynard. Patriotism supports on her arm the 
American eagle, which she is feeding from a golden bowl. Courage, wearing 
a casque, is equipped with sword and buckler. Temperance pours water from 
a pitcher. Prudence has for symbols the mirror and the serpent. 



8o 



The Library of Congress. 





The Seasons. By F. W. Benson. 

The Seasons. — By F. W. Benson. The Seasons are personified by female 
figures, with varying landscape and development of vegetation. Spring with 
a bud, Summer with a lapful of full blown blossoms, Autumn with flying 
draperies, and the falling leaf; Winter in a landscape cold and bleak. 
The Graces. — F. W. Benson in ceiling panels celebrates The Graces, the 
ancient goddesses of whatever is lovely in nature, human life and art. Aglaia, 
patroness of pastoral life and husbandry, with shepherdess crook, sits on a 
bank of flowers, and blossoms are in her hair. Thalia, patroness of the arts, 
is seated upon a marble bench, by her side is a lyre for Music, in the back- 
ground a Greek temple for Architecture. Euphrosyne, patroness of human 
loveliness of person and mind, contemplates in a mirror her own fair face. 

The Printers' Marks are French; their supporting figures are wood nymphs, 
fauns, tritons and mermaids, with Pan's pipes, conch shells and dolphins. 
The Trophy Medallions of the ceiling contain symbols of trades and indus- 
tries: Printer, Potter, Glass Maker, Carpenter, Blacksmith, Mason. Two 
panels illustrate the modern Baseball and Football. 

Sibyls. — Above the west window are sculptures by Perry, of the Roman 
Sibyl, pictured as an aged crone, who from beneath her veil delivers the oracle 
to a warrior clad in mail ; and the Northern Sibyl clad in fur robes, a Norse 
warrior attends her utterance. Above the windows are the Caduceus and the 
Mace, ensigns of authority, and a medallion map of the Eastern Hemisphere. 

Entrance Pavilion — West Corridor. 

The Sciences. — Walter Shirlaw's ceiling paintings comprise a series of female 
figures ideal of the Sciences. Zoology clad in skins of wild beasts caresses a 
lion. Physics holds the torch of investigation. Mathematics has a scroll on 
which geometrical lines are drawn, and her foot rests upon a block of geu- 




Aglaia. 



Euphrosyne. 
THE GRACES 



Thalia. 



Southwest Gallery. 




f\ 



The Sciences. 

metrical solids. Geology, with a globe, mineral, fossil shell ; the earth and 
the moon are shown. Archeology, with Minerva's helmet, a marble scroll and 
Zuhi vase, is seeking to decipher the record contained in an ancient book. 
Botany, standing upon the pad of a water lily, analyzes its blossom. Astron- 
omy, with feet planted upon the earth, holds a telescopic lens and the sphere 
of Saturn with its rings. The moon is shown in its crescent phase. Chemis- 
try's symbols are glass retort, hour glass and serpent. 

Southwest Gallery. 

The Sciences — The Arts. — By Kenyon Cox. In the Sciences Astronomy in 
the center measures a celestial sphere; the other figures are Botany, in dress 
of green and gold ; Zoology, toying with a peacock ; Mathematics, with a 
numeral frame on which the heads count the year 1896. In the Arts Poetry, 
laurel-crowned, sings to the lyre; the other figures are Sculpture and Paint- 
ing, Architecture and Music. 

Above the doors and windows are inscribed names eminent in science and 
art, running in this order from the north entrance: Homer, Michael Angelo, 
Raphael, Rubens, Milton, Leibnitz, Dalton, Kepler, Herschel, Galileo, Aris- 
totle, Ptolemy, Hipparchus, Lamarck, Helmholtz, Phidias, Vitruvius, Bra- 
mante, Mozart, Wagner. 

The ceiling medallions by W. B. Van Ingen are female figures typifying 
Painting (at work at the easel), Architecture (drawing a plan of a building), 
and Sculpture (chiseling a bust of Washington). The Printers' Marks are 
of German craftsmen. Tablets record names distinguished in the sciences: 
Cuvier for Zoology, Rumford for Physics, LaGrange for Mathematics, Lyell 
for Geology, Schliemann for Archaeology, Linnaeus for Botany, Copernicus 
ior Astronomy, Lavoisier for Chemistry. 





The Arts 



82 The Library of Congress, 

Southwest Pavilion. 

The Discovery and Settlement of America are the themes of Geo. W. May- 
nard's decorations. The four wall paintings are allegories of Adventure, Dis- 
covery, Conquest and Civilization. 

Adventure, clad in armor of gold and purple robes, holds a drawn sword 
and the Caduceus, or Mercury's magic wand. On her right is the genius of 
the England of Drake's time ; on her left that of the Spain of the sixteenth 
century. Discovery wears the sailor's buff jerkin of the sixteenth century. 
She supports with one hand a rudder, and with the other, upon her lap, ?, 
globe charted with the map ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci (about 1500), the 
first one known to show America. The genius on her right has a chart and 
a paddle ; the one on her left a sword and a back-staff, which, like the astro- 
labe shown in the supporting shields, was a primitive quadrant. Conquest 
firmly grasps her sword, while her genii display emblems of victory; one has 
the palm, typical of Spanish achievement in the South: the other the oak, 
suggesting England's acquisitions in the North. Civilization's emblems are 
the torch and the open book; those of one genius, a scythe and a sheaf of 
wheat; of the other, a distaff and spindle. In the ceiling Mr. Maynard has 
pictured Courage, Valor, Fortitude and Achievement, idealized in woman's 
form. Courage, clad in scale-armor and a lion's pelt, is equipped with shield 
and studded war club. Valor, wearing mail, holds a drawn sword. Fortitude, 
with flowing robes, carries the ornamental column which is the emblem of 
sustaining strength. Achievement, in Roman armor, points to the eagle of 
ancient Rome as the symbol of victory. 

The Seasons. — In sculpture reliefs, by Bela L. Pratt, the Seasons are 
symbolized as female figures: Spring, as a young woman sowing grain; 




The Seasons. Sculptures by Bela L. Pratt. 

Summer, seated amid flowers; Autumn, a mother nursing her babe, 
while a boy stands near her with bunches of grapes ; Winter, an aged woman 
gathering fagots ; an owl is perched on the withered tree. The series is re- 
peated in the other pavilions. 

Southeast Pavilion — Second Floor. 

The Four Elements are symbolized in the wall and ceiling paintings by R. 
L. Dodge and E. E. Garnsey. In each panel a central figure as the personifi- 
cation of the Element supports emblematic garlands, the other ends of which 
are held by genii in the corners. Reclining figures are accompanied with 
S3'mbols : and other symbol? are seen on the standards and in the borders. 



'Northivcst Gallery and Northivest Pavilion. 



83 



The Sun, as the chariot of Phoebus-Apollo, is the central decoration of the 
ceiling; and surrounding it, in order corresponding with the wall panels, are 
further symbolizatious of the Elements. 

Northwest Gallery. 

War and Peace. — By Gari Melchers. War represents the return from battle. 
The dogs of war strain at the leash ; then, foot soldiers with spear and 
buckler ; the King on his white horse, riding over the prostrate bodies of the 
slain; the color-bearer and herald proclaiming victory, and the wounded car- 




ried on litters or attended by nurses in the rear. In Peace, the scene is a 
procession of worshippers who have come to make their votive offering at 
the shrine of the deity. The effigy of the goddess is borne in state; an ox 
is led as the chief offering. In the company come a mother to pray in behalf 





Peace. 

of her child, the sick to ask health, a poet to offer his laurel wreath, and a 
sailor lad with a ship's model in token of gratitude for succor at sea. 

The Names on the walls are: Wellington, Washington, Charles Martel, 
Cyrus, Alexander, Hannibal, Caesar, Charlemagne, Napoleon, Jackson, Sheri- 
dan, Grant, Sherman, William the Conqueror, Frederick the Great, Eugene, 
Marlborough, Nelson, Scott, Farragut. 

Northwest Pavilion. 

Art, Literature, Music and Science. — By W. L. Dodge. In Art a student is 
drawing from a model, while a sculptor is seen chiseling a sphinx, and a 
woman decorating a vase. Literature has for its leading personage the Genius 
of Wisdom holding an open book, with Tragedy and Comedy, a poet about 
to be crowned by Fame, and a mother instructing- her rhildrfm Tn 1/Wr, 
Apollo is accompanied by other musicians. In Science Electricity, with phono- 



84 The Library of Congress. 

graph and telephone, kneels to receive from winged Fame the laurel wreath of 
renown; Franklin's kite is seen on the ground. Steam Navigation is repre- 
sented by an inventor holding a model of a propeller; Agriculture by a farmer 
binding grain ; Medical Science by anatomists examining a skull ; Chemistry 
by a retort, and the application of Steam Power by a tea-kettle with the steam 
escaping from the spout. In the ceiling is an allegory of Ambition by the 
same artist. Various aspirants having attained the utmost verge of human 
endeavor, with eager gaze and arms outstretched, reach toward Glory, floating 
far above them, bearing a wreath, and attended by her winged horse Pegasus 
and trumpeting Fame. 

Northeast Pavilion. 

The Seals of the United States and the Executive Departments are the 
motives of the decorations by W. B. Van Ingen and E. E. Garnsey Wreathed 
panels contain patriotic sentiments; female figures idealize the Departments 
whose seals they support emblazoned on shields. 

Treasury and State. — For one is shown the familiar Treasury building; 
for the other the Capitol Dome and the Washington Monument. 

'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliance with any portion of the foreign 
world. — Washington. Let our object be our country, our whole country, and nothing 
but our country. — Thank God! I also am an American — Webster. 

War and Navy. — The genii supporting the seals are equipped with Army 
and Navy swords ; for the Army are the Roman standard (modified to show 
the initials U. S. A.) and the Bunker Hill Monument; for the Navy the 
masts of the battleship Indiana and Decatur's rostral column at Annapolis. 

The aggregate happiness of society is, our ought to be, the end of all government. — To 
be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace. — Washing- 
ton. 

Agriculture and Interior. — For Agriculture the background is of a farming 
country, in that of the Interior is represented the Indian's tree sepulture. 

The agricultural interest of the country is connected with every other, and superior 
in importance to them all. — Jackson. Let us have peace. — Grant. 

Justice and the Tost Office. — The symbols are the Scales of Justice, and a 
bronze statue of Mercury the messenger of the gods. 

Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or polit- 
ical; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations — entangling alliances with 
none. — Jefferson. 

The Great Seal of the United States in the ceiling is surrounded by a decora- 
tion comprising the forty-eight stars of the flag; the cardinal winds, North, 
East, South and West, represented by blowing faces, and symbolical of the 
geographical divisions of the Union ; fruits and grains as typical products of 
ench section of the country; and the cornucopia of Agriculture, dolphin of 
Commerce, lyre of Art, and torch of Education. Encircling the whole is the 
conclusion of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (see the Arlington chapter) : 

That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of 
the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 



The Reading Room. 85 

The Reading Room. 

The Reading Room. — Ascending the stairway from the East Corridor we en- 
ter the Visitors' Gallery, where an excellent view is afforded of the Rotunda or 
central Reading Room. The vast apartment is imposing in size and effective 
in architectural design and color scheme of marble walls and pillars and tiers 
of arches and balustrades, and the uplifted dome with its elaborate stucco 
ornamentation. The room is 100-ft. in diameter and 125-ft. in height ; the 
pillars are 40-ft. high, the windows 32-ft. wide. The richness of the color 
effect lies in the marbles, of which the dark are from Tennessee, the red from 
Numidia, and the shades of yellow from Siena. The stucco ornaments of the 
dome are in old ivory, and comprise a great variety of designs — among them 
Martiny's female figures supporting cartouches; Weinert's winged half-figures; 
winged boys with wreaths and garlands, torches, lamps, swans, eagles, dol- 
phins and arabesques. 

The Symbolical Statues. — Upon the eight piers are female figures of colossal 
stature. Above each is a quotation chosen by President Eliot, of Harvard : 
Religion, by Baur, holding a flower. 

What doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk 
humbly' with thy God? — Micah vi: S. 

Commerce, by Flanagan, holding miniature locomotive and ship : 

We taste the spices of Arabia, yet never feel the scorching sun which brings them forth. 
—Considerations on East India Trade. 

History, by French, with book and reflecting mirror: 

One God, one law, one element, 

And one far-off divine event, 

To which the whole creation moves. — Tennyson. 

Art, by St. Gaudens and Dozzi, laurel-crowned, with a model of the Par- 
thenon for architecture, a brush and palette for painting, and a mallet for 
sculpture : 

As one lamp lights another, nor grows less, 
So nobleness enkindleth nobleness. — Lowell. 

Philosophy, by Pratt, with book: 

The inquiry, knowledge, and belief of truth is the sovereign good of human nature. 
— Bacon. 

Poetry, by Ward, with scroll : 

Hither, as to their fountain, other stars 
Repairing, in their golden urns draw light. — Milton. 

Law, by Bartlett, with the stone table of the laws and a scroll : 

Of law there can be no less acknowledged than that her voice is the harmony of the 
world. — Hooker. 

Science, by Donoghue, with a globe and triangle and mirror : 

The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handiwork, 
Psalms xix: I. 

Bronze Statues. — Looking down from the railing of the gallery under the 
dome, stand sixteen bronze statues of characters distinguished in the several 
fields of learning and achievement represented by the symbolical statues : 

Religion — Moses (by Niehaus) and St. Paul (by Donoghue). Moses is 

represented as the great law-giver, with the Tables of the Law delivered on 

Sinai. St. Paul has sword and scroll. 



86 The Library of Congress. 

Commerce — Colunwus (by Bartlett) and Fulton (by Potter). Fulton holds 
a model of his first steamboat, the "Clermont." 

History — Herodotus, the "Father of History" (by French), and Gibbon, 
historian of the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" (by Niehaus). 

Art — Michael Angelo (by Bartlett) and Beethoven (by Bauer). 

Philosophy — Plato and Bacon (both by Boyle). 

Poetry — Homer (by St. Gaudens) and Shakespeare (by Macmonnies). 

Law — Solon (by Ruckstuhl) and Kent (by Bissell). Solon, the Athenian 
law-giver, holds out the scroll of "The Laws" (Oi Nomoi), and supports a 
reversed sword twined with olive. James Kent is represented as holding the 
manuscript of his celebrated "Commentaries on American Law." 

Science — Newton (by Dallin) and Henry (by Adams). Prof. Joseph 
Henry holds an electro-magnet, suggesting his work in electro-magnetism. 
The Progress of Civilization, by E. H. Blashfield, in the Collar of the 
Dome, which is 150 feet in circumference, is a symbolism of the twelve na- 
tions and epochs which have contributed to the world's advance. Each is 
represented as a seated figure, winged, and bearing emblems suggestive of its 
peculiar attribute : 

Egypt (Written Records) holds a tablet of hieroglyphics, and the Egyptian 
taucross emblem of immortality. On the throne is the cartouche of Mena. 
the first king of Egypt. At the feet of the figure is a case of papyrus scrolls. 

Judea (Religion) wears the vestments of the Jewish High Priest. The 
emblems are scroll and censer. The stone tablet bears the Hebrew text, Levi- 
ticus xix : 18: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." 

Greece (Philosophy) is a classic figure wearing a diadem; the symbols are 
scroll and bronze lamp. 

Rome (Administration) is pictured as a Roman centurion in armor; the em- 
blems are the sword, the fasces and baton of auth rity, and the marble column. 

Islam (Physics) costumed as an Arabian, has as emblems glass retort and 
book of mathematics. 

Middle Ages (Modern Languages) is accompanied by the emblematic ac- 
cessories of casque and sword typifying the Age of Chivalry, Gothic cathedral 
for architectural development, and papal tiara and keys of St. Peter for the 
part of the Church. The face is a characterization from Mary Anderson's. 

Italy (Fine Arts) has brush and palette for painting, satuette of Michael 
Angelo's David for sculpture, violin for music, capital for architecture. 

Germany (Art of Printing) is represented as an early printer, in fifteenth 
century garb, reading a proofsheet from the primitive hand press. The face 
is a characterization from that of Gen. Thomas Lincoln Casey. 

Spain (Discovery) appears as a navigator, in sailor's leather jerkin, hand 

on tiller and sword in lap; by his side a globe, at his feet model of a caravel. 

England (Literature), laurel-crowned and in Elizabethan costume, holds 

Shakespeare's plays, showing facsimile of the title page of "A Midsummer 

Night's Dream," 1600. The face is a characterization of Ellen Terry's. 
France' (Emancipation) is the animated figure of a woman wearing liberty 

cap and tri color jacket, and equipped with sword, drum and trumpet. She 



The Library of Congress. 87 

is seated upon a cannon, and holds out the "Declaration des Droits de 
l'Homme" of 1798. The features are of the artist's wife. 

America (Science).— The scientific genius of our own country is typified 
by an electrical engineer, with book and dynamo. The face is a characteriza- 
tion from that of Abraham Lincoln. 

The Human Understanding. — In the Crown of the Lantern, Mr. Blashfield 
has painted The Human Understanding, in the allegorical figure of a woman 
floating among clouds, and attended by two children genii. With uplifted 
gaze she is looking from finite human achievement, as indicated in tne fresco 
of Civilization below, to the infinite, which is beyond. One of the genii holds 
a closed book, the other beckons those below. 

The Windows. — The stained-glass decoration of the great arched windows, 
by H. T. Schladermundt, is a composition of the arms of the Union and of 
the States, alternating with torches and wreathed fasces. With each State 
is given the date of its ratification of the Constitution, admission into the 
Union, or Territorial organization; the series begins with Delaware. 
The Clock over the entrance, by John Flanagan, is of marble and bronze ; the 
details are Signs of the Zodiac, flight of Time, Seasons, Day and Night. 

The Library was founded in 1800, Congress appropriating for it $5,000. It 
has twice suffered by fire — in 1814, when the Capitol was burned, and in 1851. 
Special collections acquired have been Thomas Jefferson's Library the Force 
Historical Collection in 1865, Smithsonian Library in 1867, Toner Collection 
of Washingtoniana in 1882. A prolific source of accessions has been the 
copyright system, which requires the deposit here of two copies of every copy- 
righted work. The library contains more than 1,300,000 books. 

Any one may use the Library, but books may be drawn out only by mem- 
bers of Congress, the President, Supreme Court, and Government officials. 
The Book Stacks devised by Mr. Bernard R. Green consist of a series oi 
cast-iron frameworks supporting tiers of shelves, and rising in nine stories to 
the roof. Each of the two large stacks has a capacity of 800,000 volumes ; 
the smaller stack 100,000 books. The book shelving now in the building 
amounts to 231,680 running feet, or about forty-four miles, which will accom- 
modate 2,085,120 volumes of books, reckoning nine to the foot. The capacity 
of the additional shelving, which may be placed, is about 2,500,000 volumes, 
and the ultimate capacity of the building for books is therefore upward of 
4, 500,000 volumes, or somewhat less than one hundred miles of shelving. An 
ingenious mechanism delivers books from the stacks to the Reading Room. 
From the Reading Room an endless cable runs down to the basement and 
up through the stack to the top, and back again. To it are attached book 
carriers. When a book is called for at the desk, the slip is sent by pneumatic 
tube to the clerk in the book stack; he puts the book into a receptacle, from 
which it is taken automatically by the book carrier and carried to the Reading 
Room, the whole process consuming but a few minutes. In like manner the 
books are returned. For the convenience of Congress, books are sent directly 
from the Reading Room to the Capitol through a tunnel. 



The Library of Congress. 

%f)t 3Lt6rarp Quotations 

The Poets, who on earth have made us heirs 
Of truth and pure delight by heavenly lays. — Wordsworth. 
Art is long and Time is fleeting. — Longfellow. 
The history of the world is the biography of great men. — Carlyle. 
Order is Heaven's first law. — Pope. 
Memory is the treasurer and guardian of all things. — Cicero. 
Beauty is the creator of the universe. — Emerson. 
This is the state of man : To-day he puts forth 
The tender leaves of hopes ; to-morrow blossoms, 
And bears his blushing honors thick upon him. 
The third day comes a frost and nips his root, and then he falls. 

—King Henry VIII. (Adapted). 

Beholding the bright countenance of Truth in the quiet and still air of delightfuj 
studies. — Milton. 

The true University of these days is a Collection of Books. — Carlyle. 
Nature is the art of God. — Sir Thomas Browne. 
There is no work of genius which has not been the delight of mankind. — Lowell. 
It is the mind that makes the man, and our vigor is in our immortal soul. — Ovid. 
They are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts. — Sir Philip Sidney. 
Man is one world, and hath another to attend him. — Herbert. 
Tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, 
Sermons in stones, and good in everything. — As You Like It. 
Books will speak plain when counsellors blanch. — Bacon. 
Glory is acquired by virtue but preserved by letters. — Petrarch. 
The foundation of every state is the education of its youth. — Dionysius. 
The light shineth in darkness, and the darkness comprehendeth it not. 

— St. John i : 5. 

In the Librarian' s Room. 

Litera scripta manet — The written letter remains (Literature endures). In tenebrh 
lux — Light in darkness. Liber delectatio ammo: —A book is the delight of 
the mind. Effidunt clarum studio — They make clear by study. Dulce ante . 
omnia Musa — The sweetness of the Muse before all else. 

The Greek Heroes. 

One equal temper of heroic hearts, 

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will 

To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. — Tennyson, Ulysses. 

A glorious company, the flower of men 

To serve as model for the mighty world, 

And be the fair beginning of a time. — Tennyson, Guinevere. 

To the souls of fire, I, Pallas Athena, give more fire ; and to those who are 
manful, a might more than man's. — Kingsley. 

Ancient of days ! august Athena ! 

Where are thy men of might ? thy grand in soul ? 

Gone — glimmering through the dream of things that were. 

— Byron, Childe Harold. 



The Library of Congress. 89 

Cfje ilt&rarp (Quotations 

The chief glory of every people arises from its authors. — Dr. Johnson. 
Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers. — Tennyson. 
Wisdom is the principal thing ; therefore get wisdom ; and with all thy getting get 
understanding. — Proverbs iv : 7. 

Ignorance is the curse of God, 
Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to Heaven. — 2, Henry VI. 

How charming is divine Philosophy. — Milton. 

Books must follow sciences and not sciences books. — Bacon. 

In books lies the soul of the whole past time. — Carlyle. 

Words are also actions and actions are a kind of words. — Emerson. 

Dwells within the soul of every Artist No real Poet ever wove in numbers 

More than all his effort can express. All his dream. 

No great Thinker ever lived and taught you Love and Art united 

All the wonder that his soul received. Are twln mysteries, different, yet the same. 

... d :*„_„„_ _ „ Love may strive, but vain is the endeavor 

No true Painter ever set on canvas , n-. w ,1 ' ■ u . r ,, 

..... , ■ . • . •, All its boundless riches to unfold. 

All the glorious vision he conceived. 

Art and Love speak ; but their words must be 

No Musician, Lik e sighings of illimitable forests. 
But be sure he heard, and strove to render, , 

Feeble echoes of celestial strains. — Adelaide Proctor, Unexpressed. 

There is but one temple in the universe, and that is the body of man. — Novalis. 
The first creature of God was the light of sense ; the last was the light of reason. 

— Bacon. 
The true Shekinah is man. — Chrysostom. 
Only the actions of the just 

Smell sweet and blossom in the dust. — James Shirley. 
Science is organized knowledge. — Herbert Spencer. 
Beauty is truth, truth beauty. — Keats. 
Too low they build who build beneath the stars. — Young. 
Man raises but time weighs. — Greek Proverb. 
Beneath the rule of men entirely great 
The pen is mightier than the sword. — Bulwer Lytton. 
The noblest motive is the public good. — Virgil. 
A little learning is a dangerous thing ; 
Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. — Pope. 
Learning is but an adjunct to ourself. — Love's Labour's Lost. 
Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. — Bacon. 
Dreams, books, are each a world ; and books, we know, 
Are a substantial world, both pure and good. — Wordsworth. 

With the Muses. 

Descend, ye Nine, descend and sing j 
Wake into voice each silent string. 
Oh, Heaven-born sisters, source of art, 
Who charm the sense or mend the heart. 
Say, will you bless the bleak Atlantic shore, 
And in the West bid Athens rise once more ! 

— Popi (Adapted), 



THE WHITE HOUSE. 

The White House is on Pennsylvania avenue, at 16th street, and is reached by 
Pennsylvania avenue cars. For hours to visit, see the Time Table. 

THE prevailing characteristic of the White House is a stately sim- 
plicity. Whether from Pennsylvania avenue one sees the col- 
umns of the portico but partially revealed through the foliage of 
noble trees, or from the lawns in the rear catches a glimpse of 
the southern balcony with colonnade and winding stairways embowered in 
vines, the air is one of dignity and repose. In situation, in character and 
in surroundings, one reflects, the White House is becoming as the home 
of the President. 

The White House is constructed of Virginia freestone ; it is 170-ft. in Historj 
length, 86-ft. in depth, and consists of a rustic basement, two stories and 
an attic, the whole surmounted by an ornamental balustrade. The north 
front has a portico of lofty Ionic columns, forming a porte-cochere, and 
the south a colonnaded balcony. 

It was the first public building erected at the new seat of government. 
The architect was James Hoban, who drew his plans closely after those 
of the seat of the Dukes of Leinster, near Dublin. Washington himself 
selected the site, laid the corner stone (Oct. 13, 1792), and lived to see the 
building completed ; it is told that in company with his wife he walked 
through the rooms but a few days before his death, in 1799. John Adams 
was the first occupant, in 1800. In 1814, in John Quincy Adams' term, 
the house was fired by the marauding British troops, and only the walls 
were left standing. With the restoration, the stone was painted white to 
obliterate the marks of the fire, and outside of official usage it is as the 
White House that the Executive Mansion is universally known. 

Alterations and additions to the building were made in 1902-3. The 
conservatory, so long a familiar feature of the west side, has given place to 
an esplanade leading to the new Executive Office ; and the public entrance 
is now through a colonnade on the east. This leads to the basement corri- 
dor, on the walls of which are hung portraits of the mistresses of the 
White House, including those of Angelica Singleton Van Buren, who was 
mistress of the White House during President Van Buren's term; Mrs. 
Tyler, Mrs. Polk (presented by the ladies of Tennessee in President 
Arthur's administration) ; Mrs. Hayes (by Huntington), presented by the 
Woman's National Temperance Union, in recognition of the cold water 
regime of the White House during President Hayes' term, and Mrs. Har- 
rison (by Huntington), presented by the Daughters of the American Revo- 
lution, and Mrs. Roosevelt by Chartran. Broad stairways lead up to the 
main corridor, from which access is had to the East Room, and the Blue, 
Green and Red Rooms, which take name from the predominating color 
of the decorations and furnishings. 

The East Room, or State parlor, used for receptions, is a magnificent 
apartment 40-ft. wide, 82-ft. in length, and with a ceiling 22-ft. high, from 

91 



9 2 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




THE EXECUTIVE OFFICES. 



East which depend three massive crystal chandeliers. The four carved mantels 
Room are surmounted by mirrors. The decorations of walls and ceiling are in 
white and gold, with moldings and tablet ornamentation in relief, and 
window draperies of old gold. The two royal blue Sevres vases were 
presented to President McKinley by the President of the French Republic 
in commemoration of the laying of the French-American cable. The crystal 
chandeliers formerly here, with others from the White House, are now 
hung in the Capitol. 

The Blue Room, oval in shape, is the President's reception room. The 
walls are covered with rich blue corded silk, and the window hangings 
are blue with golden stars in the upper folds. On the mantel is the clock 
of gold presented by Napoleon I. to Lafayette and by him to Washington; 



Blue 
Room 




THE EAST APPROACH TO THE WHITE HOUSE. 



The White House. 



93 




A CORNER OF THE CORRIDOR. 




THE EAST ROOM. 



94 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




Roosevelt China. Cleveland Bonbon Dish (flag design). Historic Tea Cups. 

Specimens of the historic White House china are exhibited in the corridor. 
Photos copyright, 1903, by Waldon Fawcett. 



The White House. 



95 




THE STATE DINING ROOM. 



on either side stand the bronze vases presented to Washington at the same 
time; and there are here also the two triple gold plate candelabra which 
were given to President Jackson by General Patterson, of Philadelphia. 

The Green Room has on the wall green velvet with white enamel wains- 
coting. In front of the white marble mantel is a screen of old Gobelin 
tapestry in a frame of gold, surmounted by a spread eagle. The screen 
was presented to Mrs. Grant by the Emperor of Austria. The gilt 
clock and the two gilt vases were purchased by Mrs. Gfant in Paris and 
were by her given to the White House. The two Japanese vases were 
purchased by President Arthur. The lacquer cabinet was presented by 
Japan in 1858, when American ships first entered Japanese ports. The por- 
traits are of Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Jackson, Tyler, 
W. H. Harrison, Van Buren, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, Hayes. 

The Red Room walls and window draperies are of red velvet. The 
two vases were presented to President Pierce by the French Government. 
A cabinet of mahogany and gold contains seven exquisitely dressed Japan- 
ese dolls presented to Mrs. Roosevelt by the Japanese Minister. There are 
here portraits of Washington, Martha Washington (by Andrews), Presi- 
dents Jefferson, Polk and Benjamin Harrison. The portrait of Washington 
is the one which is sometimes called the "Lansdowne Stuart." The original, 
of which this is a copy, was painted for the Marquis of Lansdowne. In 
1814, when the British were coming to pillage and burn the White House, 



Green 
Room 



Red 
Roonr 



9 6 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




THE RED ROOM. 



Mrs. Dolly Madison had the portrait taken from its frame and carried it 
away into safety across the Potomac. The East Room contains a richly 
decorated piano which was made at a cost of $15,000 and presented by a 
New York firm of piano makers. 
State The State Dining Room is paneled in dark English oak, and decorated 
Dining w ith heads of American big game. The white marble mantel is sur- 
mounted by an old Flemish tapestry depicting a country scene and having 
in a panel a verse from Virgil in praise of hunting. The massive 
mahogany table will seat one hundred guests. 
President's The President's Room and the Cabinet Room arc in the Executive 
Room Office, west of the White House. 



The White House. 



97 




THE PRESIDENT S OFFICE. 



The surroundings of the White House are worthy of note. In front is historic Surrounding 

Lafayette Square. On one side is the Treasury; on the other, the State, War and 
Navy Building. The house is set amid the President's Grounds, with trees and 
flower beds and fountains and sloping lawns. The grounds merge into the Mall, and 
stretch away to the Monument and the Potomac. To the slopes south of the house 
Washington children repair for their Easter egg rolling on Easter Monday, where 
scores of brilliantly colored eggs are sent rolling and tumbling down the banks. The 
custom is of European origin, and comes from an earlier one known to the children 
of the Pharaohs. Concerts, open to the public, are given in the east grounds by the 
Marine Band on Saturday afternoons, from June to September inclusive. 

Lafayette Square is beautiful with trees and flowers, and rich in his- Lafayette 
torical associations. At the southeast entrance is the bronze and marble St l uare 
memorial erected by Congress to commemorate the distinguished services of 
Lafayette and other French officers in the cause of the Colonies. On the 
northeast is the Rochambeau monument. In the center of the square is 
Clark Mills's equestrian statue of Gen. Jackson, as the hero of the Battle 
of New Orleans. 

St. John's Church, on the north of the square, was built in 1816, and st * John ' 8 
next to Christ Church (1795), near the Navy Yard, is the oldest in the 
city. One of its pews is set apart for the President of the United States, 
and it is sometimes called the Church of State. Many of the houses sur- 
rounding the square possess interesting associations as the homes of 
public men. (See Lafayette Square in Index.) 



9 8 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




THE BLUE ROOM. 




THE GREEN ROOM. 



THE CORCORAN GALLERY. 



In some years the Gallery is closed during July, August and September. 



THE Corcoran Gallery of Art is on Seventeenth street, extending 
from New York avenue to E street, just southwest of the 
White House and State Department. On Tuesdays, Thursdays, 
Saturdays, Sundays and holidays admission is free. On other 
days a fee of 25 cents is charged. For hours see time table. 

The Gallery was founded and endowed by the late William W. Cor- 
coran in 1869, as a gift to the public, "for the perpetual establishment and 
encouragement of the Fine Arts" ; and its collections have grown in 
extent and value until now the Corcoran is one of the chief places of 
interest in Washington. It occupies a noble building, of Georgia white 
marble, above whose entrance is the inscription, chosen by Mr. Corcoran : 
"Dedicated to Art." Below the 
elaborately carved cornice runs 
a frieze bearing the names of 
painters and sculptors — Phidias, 
Giotto, Dure r, Michelangelo, 
Raphael, Velasquez, Rembrandt, 
Rubens, Reynold s, Allston, 
Ingres. The lions on either side 
of the doorway are copies of the 
famous lions by Canova, which 
guard the 
T o m b of 
Clement 
X I I I., in 
St. Peter's, 
at Rome. 

From the 
vesti b u 1 e 
one obtains 
a n impos- 
ing vista of 
the central 
Sc ulpture 



The Buildiaj 




VELA S NAPOLEON. 
99 



100 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



Atrium 



Hall and the grand stair- 
case beyond. This central 
hall, or atrium, is 170x50- 
ft., with forty fluted col- 
umns supporting the ceil- 
ing, through which two 
wells admit the light from 
the roof skylight high 
above. The hall is devot- 
ed to casts from antique 
and Renaissance sculpture. 
Other rooms on this floor 
contain original marbles, 
casts, bronzes, and other 
collections. The grand 
staircase leads to the sec- 
ond-story atrium, an 
apartment of magnificent 
proportions. Thirty fluted 
columns of white marble 
support the immense sky- 
light of the roof; the walls 
are hung with paintings; 
and the light-wells give an 
overlook of the Hall of 
Sculpture below. On the 
first floor is a semi-circular 
room for lectures ; and the 
Corcoran School of Art is 
generously provided with 
studios and class rooms on 
the two floors. Informa- 
tion concerning the School 
may be obtained of the 
Curator. 

It would manifestly be 
impossible to note here 
even briefly the objects 
which claim attention. 
Visitors should provide 
themselves with the Cata- 
logue (to be had at the 
door, price 25 cents), in 
which will be found most 
Ancient valuable and helpful notes. 
Chief among the casts 
from ancient sculpture is a 
series of the marbles of 



Sculpture 




VENUS OF MEL0S. 



102 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



Ancient the Frieze and Pediments of the Parthenon ; and first among the single 
Sculptures statues is the Venus of Melos. The original was discovered in 1820 by 
a peasant of the island of Milo (the ancient Melos) while digging near 
some sepulchral grottoes. "It now stands in the Louvre, the pride of 
Paris, and the admiration of the world. Its sculptor is unknown, but by 
the grandeur of its style it is justly assigned to the era between Phidias 
and Praxiteles [432-392 B. C], and is considered the greatest statue of 
woman's form the world now holds." Among other subjects are the 
Discobolos or Quoit-thrower, Venus de Medici, Minerva, Laocoon, Dying 
Galatian (commonly called the Dying Gladiator), Apollo Belvidere, Torso 
of Hercules, Boy Extracting a Thorn from his Foot. Hermes with Infant 
Dionysos, Galatian and his Wife, Nike from Samolhrake, Boxer Resting, 
Thalassa and Gaia, Ariadne Deserted, Jason. On the walls of the cor- 
ridors is a fine collection of portrait busts. 

Anions the Renaissance subjects is a cast from the west bronze door of 
;naissance ,-,-,. t-, , ^, -, - 1 , • • , 

Sculpture tne Baptistery at blorence by Ghiberti, the ten panels containing designs 

from the Old Testament. Michelangelo said of the Ghiberti Doors that 
they were worthy of standing as the gates to Paradise. Donatello is rep- 
resented by his David with the Head of Goliath ; Michelangelo by the 
bust of the colossal statue of David, the mask of the Moses, reduced 
copies of Day, Night, Dawn and Twilight from the Tomb of the Medici 
family, the Slaves for the Julius monument, and other examples ; Luca 
della Robb'ia by the Singing Boys. 
Among the marbles, Guarnerio's Forced Prayer never fails to attract 




THE COCORAN GALLERY. 



Key-Pictures of Cocoran Gallery Paintings. 103 




COROT WOOD GATHERERS. 



KNAUS— THE FORESTER'S HOME. 



104 Key-Pictures of Cocorau Gallery Paintings. 




BECKER POPE JULIUS I 



OR FUN AND FRIGHT. 



The Corcoran Art Gallery. 



105 




THE GREEK SLAVE. 



attention. The most celebrated Marbles 
of the marbles are Vincenzo 
Velas' Last Days of Napoleon 
I., and the Greek Slave, by 
Hiram Powers, of Vermont. 
An interesting and suggest- 
ive note of the development 
of art in this country is found 
in the record that when the 
Greek Slave was first exhibited, 
in Cincinnati, "a delegation of 
clergymen was sent to judge 
whether it were fit to be seen 
by Christian people. Its purity 
of sentiment and harmonious 
form established its right to 
exist." 

The Barye Room contains a Barye 
series of more than one hun- 
dred Barye bronzes, the Cor- 
coran Gallery possessing the 
largest collection in the world. 

There are exhibits of Cloi- 
sonne, porcelains and glass, 
and reproductions of antiques. 

Of the well-known canvases Paintings 
may be named Rousseau's Farm 
in the Wood, Detaille's Passing 
Regiment, Richards' Coast of 
New Jersey, Church's Niagara 
Falls. The Standard Guide standard 
gives miniature key pictures of Guide 
eighteen of the Corcoran can- 
vases, and it does this both to 
suggest what the visitor to the 
gallery should see, and after- 
ward to prompt the recollection 
of the pictures one has seen. 
Albert Bierstadt's Mount Cor- 
coran is a peak of the southern 
Sierra Nevadas, named in com- 
pliment to Mr. Corcoran. A 
portrait of Mr. Corcoran (born 
1798, died 1888), by Elliott, is 
one of an extensive series of 
portraits of Americans, and 
representing the works of early 
American artists. 



Key 
Pictures 



THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 

"Lay the corner stone of a monument which shall adequately bespeak the gratitude 
of the whole American people to the illustrious Father of his Country. Build it to the 
skies; you cannot outreach the loftiness of his principles! Found it upon the massive 
and eternal rock; you cannot make it more enduring than his fame! Construct it of 
the peerless Parian marble, you cannot make it purer than his life! Exhaust upon it 
the rules and principles of ancient and modern art; you cannot make it more pro- 
portionate than his character!" — Winthrop's Oration at the laying of the Corner Stone. 

The Monument is situated in Washington Park, a part of the Mall near 14th street, 

situation ^ -^_g m j] es f rom the Capitol. It is reached by Pennsylvania avenue cars, with transfer 

(2 cents extra fare) at 14th street. A stairway of 900 steps leads to the top. An 

elevator carrying visitors without charge ascends half-hourly. For hours, see Time 

Table. 



T 



HE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT Is an impos- 
ing shaft of white marble rising from an elevation on the Mall 
near the Potomac. It is seen towering against the sky long be- 
fore one reaches Washington ; and in the city its tremendous 
height confronts one at every turn and has place in a thousand vistas. 
From the avenues and parks, from the Capitol, the White House, the hills 
of the Soldiers' Home, the heights of Arlington, and from far down the 
Potomac on the way to Mt. Vernon, go where you will, an ever promi- 
nent feature of the landscape is the Monument. Seen at different times of 
the day it has a new character for each new hour; its appearance changes 
with the varying lights, and with alternations of clear sky and cloud. In 
stormy weather it suggests a mountain peak standing immovable with the 
mists driving by. 

The Monument is an obelisk. Its height from floor of entrance to tip 
is 555-ft. 5M$-in. The shaft is 500-ft. 5^-in. in height, 55-ft. square at base. 
34-ft. at top. The pyramidon (or pyramid-shaped section above) is 55~ft. 
in height, and terminates in a pyramid of pure aluminum. The walls are 
15-ft. in thickness at the entrance, and taper to 18-in. at the top of the 
shaft. The facing is of pure white marble from Maryland, the interior 
backing is of gneiss and New England granite. The foundation, of rock 
and cement, is 36-ft. deep, 126-ft. square. 

The Monument is the highest work of masonry in the world, and is 
exceeded in height only by the Eiffel Tower, of iron, 984-ft. The highest 
other structures of the world are: Philadelphia Municipal Building, 537- 
ft. ; Cologne Cathedral, 524- ft. ; Pyramid of Cheops, 520- ft. ; St. Peter's, 
518-ft. 

The interior is lighted by electricity, which affords opportunity of 
memorial seeing the memorial stones which are set in the inner face of the Monu- 
Stones ment. Glimpses of some of these may be had from the elevator, but the 
inscriptions may be read only from the platforms. The series begins at 
the 30-ft. landing and extends to a height of 280-ft. The 179 stones were 
contributed from various sources as tributes to Washington, and many 
of them are notable for their beauty, elaborate carving or origin. 

106 







THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 



108. Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

Forty States are represented, and sixteen cities ; fifteen lodges of Free 
Masons, thirteen of Odd Fellows, seven of Sons of Temperance, and nu- 
merous political organizations, debating societies and others long since 
forgotten. Fire departments with the antiquated machines of forty years 
ago, public schools, the "Oldest Inhabitants' Association of Washington," 
"Sons of New England in Canada," "Americans residing in Foo-Chow, 
China, 1857," and a long list of others have left the records of their patriot- 
ism. There are stones from Braddock's Field, the Battle-field of Long 
Island, Otter's Summit (Virginia's loftiest peak), the ruins of ancient 
Carthage, the Temple of yEsculapius — Isle of Paros, Vesuvius, the Alex- 
andrian Library in Egypt, the Tomb of Napoleon at St. Helena. Greece 
sends a block of marble from the Parthenon, Turkey a beautifully carved 
marble, Switzerland a stone from the Chapel of William Tell, "built at the 
spot where he escaped from Gessler." Other foreign countries repre- 
sented are Japan, China, Siam, Brazil, and, curiously enough to be classed 
here, the Cherokee Nation. On the aluminum tip at the summit is in- 
scribed Laus Deo. 

At the height of 504- ft. the walls are pierced with eight port-openings 
or windows, two in each face, which afford extensive views on every side. 
Immediately below, and stretching away to the White House on the north 
View and the Capitol on the east, is the beautiful landscape gardening of the 
Mall and the parks, the city beyond, and then the hills rolling away to the 
horizon. On an eminence in the northeast is the Soldiers' Home ; on the 
Virginia hills to the west is Arlington; on the northwest the Naval Ob- 
servatory. The Potomac's winding course may be followed for miles, and 
on a clear day one may discern in the western distance the mountains of 
the Blue Ridge in Virginia. 

The plan of providing a fitting memorial of Washington's military and 
political services had its inception during his lifetime. As early as 1783 
History Congress resolved to erect a marble monument, and Washington is said 
himself to have selected the site afterward adopted. The project was re- 
vived upon Washington's death, but no practical steps were taken toward 
accomplishing the purpose until the formation of the Washington National 
Monument Society, in 1833. Funds were raised by popular subscription 
and the Society adopted the plans of Robert Mills, which provided for a 
Pantheon 100-ft. high with a colonnade, a colossal statue over the portico 
of Washington in a chariot with six horses driven by Victory, and a central 
obelisk 600-ft. high. All of this but the obelisk was subsequently aban- 
doned. The corner stone was laid in 1848. By 1855 the shaft had at- 
tained a height of 152-ft. ; then the funds having been exhausted the con- 
struction was suspended, not to be resumed until 1878, when Congress 
having appropriated money for its completion the work was put under the 
direction of Col. Thomas L. Casey, of the Corps of Engineers; and the 
finished Monument was dedicated on Feb. 21, 1885. The orator on that 
occasion .was the venerable Robert C. Winthrop, who thirty-seven years 
before had delivered the oration at the laying of the corner stone. The 
total cost of the Monument has been $1,300,000. 



THE TREASURY. 



The Treasury is on Pennsylvania avenue at 15th street. Open from 9 to 2 daily; but 
the tour of the building may be made only between 11 and 12 and 1 and 2, The Pennsyl- 
vania avenue car should be left at the regular stopping point on 15th street, near the 
north basement Treasury entrance on that street. 

The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is on 14th street, south of the Monu- 
ment grounds. Reached by Pennsylvania avenue car, which transfer at 14th street to 
nth street car (2 cents extra fare). Open to visitors from 9 to 11:45 and 12:30 to 3:00. 
No pass required. 

SECOND only to the Capitol itself in architectural importance is 
the Treasury Building, an imposing structure of sandstone and 
granite, having a total length of 450-ft. and a width of 250-ft. The 
east front on Fifteenth street is adorned with a colonnade of 
thirty-eight stately Ionic columns, after those of the Temple of Minerva at 
Athens; and on the north, the west and the south fronts are porticoes of 
similar columns. There is reason to regret that the architect, Robert 
Mills, did not have his way in the design of setting the building amid 
grounds commensurate with it in dignity and beauty, instead of obtrud- 
ing it unceremoniously upon the thoroughfare; but the story goes that 
President Jackson became impatient at the long delayed choosing of a 
site, and finally stuck his cane down into the ground one morning and or- 
dered, "Build it here." And here it is to-day. 

The impression the structure gives is of enduring solidity and secur- 
ity, and it is fitting that this should be so; for, while the 200 rooms on 
each floor of the building are devoted to a surprisingly varied range of 
activities, the Treasury is first of all a financial institution, and it is as the 
Bank of the Nation that it has most interest. To study its various opera- 
tions, one should visit the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (in another 
building); the Division of Issue, the Redemption Division, the Bond and 
Silver and Gold Vaults, and Cash Room. The Cash Room may be seen 
at any time from 9 to 2 ; no pass is required. To be shown the other 
rooms, one should time a visit between 11 and 12, or 1 and 2. 

The Cash Room is near the Pennsylvania avenue entrance, on the 
first floor; but may be seen to better advantage from the gallery, to which 
doors give access from the corridor of the second floor. The walls are of 
choice American and Italian marbles, and the room is one of the costliest 
in the world. As the name denotes, the Cash Room is a cashier's office. 
Here the Treasury cashes the various warrants drawn upon it and pre- 
sented here for payment. The daily transactions run into the millions; a 
warrant once handed in and cashed without a moment's delay came over 

109 



no Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

from the Pension Bureau, and the figures upon it called for $1,000,000. 
The visitor himself may have a part in the business of the Cash Room by 
presenting at one of the steel screened windows a warrant on the Gov- 
ernment, in the shape of a national currency bill, and, receiving coin for 
its face value, may thus complete the round of circulation of that particu- 
lar piece of paper as money. Having gone out originally from this very 
building as new currency, having passed through innumerable hands in 
exchange for a thousand and one different things, and having now found 
its way back again, old and worn, it will here be redeemed, and then as 
money no longer, but just plain paper, it will be destroyed. 

The system of making new money, exchanging new for old, and de- 
stroying the old, is what one sees at the Treasury; and it is all so interest- 
ing that we are likely to count the half-hour spent here as among the best 
to be remembered of the National Capitol. 
Treasury From 11 to 12 in the morning, and from 1 to 2 in the afternoon, visit- 
Tour ors who present themselves at the office of the United States Treasurer, 
Room 96, on the first floor, are escorted through the money departments 
of the institution. If you give your attention to the very courteous and 
well-informed messenger who conducts the party, you will hear him re- 
late of the several phases of the work what is told in the following pages. 
We shall depart, however, from the order in which for convenience the 
several rooms are shown, that we may follow the course of a piece of paper 
money through all the successive stages of manufacture, issue, redemp- 
tion and destruction. To do this we must begin at the Bureau of Engrav- 
ing and Printing. 
Bureau The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is a branch of the Treasury. 
of Here are printed the Government bonds and the national currency, to 
Engraving g e ther with postage and revenue stamps, military, naval and diplomatic 
Printing commissions, passports, etc. Specimens of the work of the Bureau are 
exhibited in the waiting room and in the halls, and series of currency are 
displayed in various stages of completion. There is a series of old-time 
fractional currency — shinplasters; and a $10,000 silver certificate, the larg- 
est note issued. 

The actual work of engraving the plates is not shown. This is sur- 
rounded with the utmost precaution to guard against abstraction of the 
plates; they are closely watched by day, and are locked in the vaults by 
night. The original plate itself is never printed from, but a replica is 
made of it for actual use. This is the Bureau's device to guard against 
the possibility of being itself a counterfeiter of the currency. For, if an 
accident should happen to a plate, it would have to be replaced by a new 
Plates one ; ar| d no matter how nearly like the original the new one might be 
engraved, it would not be that original, but a copy of it, and a note 
printed from the new plate would not be an original, but a copy of that 
original, i. e., a counterfeit. Whereas, if the replica should be injured, a 
new replica would be a new original printing plate. A specimen plate is 
shown of "the portrait of Burnside, which, however, does not belong on 
a Treasury note; and with it is exhibited the roller used to transfer the 
engraving from the plate to the replica which is to be printed from. 



ii2 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING. 




THE MACERATER. 



The Treasury. 113 

The ■'first process that one witnesses is the printing of the notes. In Printing 
this 500 employes are engaged. The paper used is the peculiar silk- the 
fibered paper made at the Crane Mills in Dalton, Mass. Its manufacture is Notes 
a closely guarded trade secret, and the law forbids possession by others of 
any such paper or its imitation. It is received in packages of 1,000 sheets. 
This 1,000 count, beginning at the paper mill in Massachusetts, is main- 
tained throughout every department of the Bureau, and is continued after 
the notes reach the Treasury. To each pressman 1,000 sheets are given at 
a time. The printing is done on hand-presses. Each pressman has a young 
woman assistant. Each sheet makes four notes. A pressman prints 500 
sheets a day, on one side only. From this floor the printed sheets go to 
the one below, where the count is verified. Then they pass to the number- 
ing machines, which impress upon them in blue ink the distinctive series 
letter and the number of each note. The machines are purely automatic 
as to the progression of the numbers. The numbered notes are counted 
for the last time, and wrapped in packages of 1,000 sheets each, to be 
taken to the Treasury. 

There are fourteen departments and 1,400 employes ; each piece of work 
passes through the hands of thirty different people. An elaborate system 
of receipting prevails, and at the closing hour everything is delivered into 
the hands of the custodians, and every count is verified before the force 
is dismissed. The rule prevails not only here, but in the Issue and Re- 
demption Divisions in the Treasury Building. 

From the Bureau the currency is brought over at 9 o'clock every morn- 
ing, a million dollars a day, in a wagon built of steel, and attended by a 
force of guards, to the Treasury, and delivered to the Division of Issue. 
Here three experts verify the contents of 1,000 sheets to the package, each 
sheet being composed of four notes of uniform denomination. Then the 
sheets are sent to the Sealing Room, where the "Red Seal" of the Register 
of the Treasury is stamped upon them. The seal bears the legend Thesaur. seal 
Amer. Sept. SigiL, an abbreviation for Thesauri Americce Septentrionalis 
Sigillum — Seal of the Treasury of North America. The cutting machine 
cuts each sheet into its four component notes, and in new packages of 4,000 
bills the currency now passes to its final counting. Each package goes 
through the hands of five successive counters. ■ 

The counters here are the most expert in the service, and probably in Expert 
the world. Their marvelous skill, rapidity and accuracy afford a revela- 
tion ol what the trained hand and eye and mind can do ; their work is as 
the work of a perfect machine. In counting a package the expert is seen 
to lift each note by the upper right-hand corner; this she does successively 
one after another with the 4,000 notes in the package, and not only does 
she count the notes, but scans also the seal and detects any imperfection. 

The average daily volume of new money passing through the hands of 
the counters is a million dollars, made up of 320,000 separate notes. Every 
package is receipted for by each person into whose hands it comes. 

Having received the final count, the money is intrusted to the sealing 
cierk, who wraps up the packages (containing from $4,000 to $4,000,000 



H4 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

each) in plebeian brown paper, and seals each package with the Treasury 
Seal. The amount of money received by him at the close of the day must 
tally to a dollar with the amount brought in from the Bureau of Engraving 
and Printing. The new money is deposited in the currency reserve vault 
(not shown to visitors), where it remains for two months or more. As one 
new lot is added each day to the vault, another lot is taken out for issue, 
to be put into circulation, a goodly proportion of it destined eventually 
to find its way back to this building as worn and mutilated currency, to be 
redeemed in the Redemption Division. 
Redemption In the Redemption Division old currency is received to be exchanged 
Division f or new j t cornes j n f rom banks throughout the country and from the 
Sub-Treasuries.* 

At every stage the system of currency redemption is attended with pre- 
Dollar cautions to provide against error and loss. For every old dollar received, 
for a new dollar must be paid out; and for every new dollar paid out, an old 
Dollar one mus t have been received. To verify the count a force of expert count- 
ers is employed, whose skill is such as to excite wonder and challenge 
admiration. Here, as in the other departments, the counters are women. 
Expert ^he money, brought by the express companies in sealed packages, is 
Counters delivered to the receiving clerk, by whom in turn the packages, still sealed, 
and are distributed to the counters. Each counter receipts for the package 
C 'k &i ven her, specifying the amount it is said to contain. Having verified 
the count, she puts up the money in new packages of ioo bills each, ;.nd on 
the manilla wrapper of each, at top and bottom, writes her initials and the 
amount. Then she takes the package to the canceling machine, which 
punctures four holes through it, two in the upper half and two in the lower. 
She then delivers the package of canceled notes to a clerk, who credits 
her with the account received. At the close of the day this clerk's record 
of bills, counted and canceled, must tally with the account of the <derk who 
gave out the packages to be counted and canceled; and such are the ex- 
pertness and accuracy here prevailing that any discrepancy is extremely 
counterfeits rare - The expert's duty is not limited to the counting; she must also 
detect counterfeits and "raised" bills, as a $2 to a $20. Practice makes 
perfect; the trained eye detects bad money at a glance, the bill is stamped 
"Counterfeit" in letters which cut right through the paper, and is re- 
turned to the sender, that it may be traced if possible, and is then sent back 
again to the Treasury for investigation by the Secret Service Division. 

On each day the canceled packages of the day before are taken, each 
package by the one who counted it, to the cutting knife. This is a huge 
blade, which cuts the package in two lengthwise, each half still having the 
initials of the counter and the amount the package contains. The upper 
half goes to the Register's office, the lower one to the office of the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury. In each office the half-sheets are counted, and if 
this final enumeration corresponds with that of the first expert, the money 

*There are Sub-Treasuries at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, 
St. Louis, Cincinnati, New Orleans and San Francisco. The Mints are at Philadelphia, 
New Orleans, Denver, Carson City and San Francisco. 



The Treasury. 115 

is sent to the macerater for destruction. If errors are discovered either 
as to amount or as to a bad bill undetected, the first counter is held re- 
sponsible for the amount involved, and it is deducted from her salary. 

There is received in the Redemption Division an average of one mil- Redemptlo 
lion dollars a day, or more than three hundred millions a year. The Div ' 8ion 
women experts who handle these vast sums are reputed to be the most epo 
skilled counters of worn money in the world. Their task is more difficult 
than that of the counters of new money in the Issue Division, for there 
is no order of enumeration to guide the count, and much of the currency 
is worn and difficult to handle. There a/e certain of those engaged here 
who are of tried proficiency, and to them the mutilated currency is in- 
trusted. 

In a secluded corner, not accessible by visitors, works an expert in 
burned money, and in shreds and patches of currency, which would defy 
the skill of one less acute and patient. Her task is to unravel mysteries, Saving 
to solve problems which are exceedingly difficult of solution. It is a work the 
filled with compensations; for each new case makes its own appeal to her Shreds 
ever ready sympathy, and with every new success comes the conscious- p a t c hes 
nfess that some unfortunate person has been helped. To the editor of The 
Standard Guide was exhibited on a recent occasion the particular work 
then in hand. There were pulpy bits of money which had been chewed 
by swine, in which traces had been made out of a $10 note and another of 
$5; fragments of two $500 notes, supposed to have been torn up and 
thrown away by a Chicago man before committing suicide; the ashes of 
one $10 and two $5 notes, which a woman had hidden in a grate and after- 
ward set fire to. There are restrictions upon the redemption of such frag- 
ments of money, the amount allowed being proportioned to the pieces 
identified in such a way as to make overpayment impossible. If three- 
fifths of a note are received, the bill is redeemable at its full face value; if 
less than three-fifths and more than two-fifths, at one-half the value; any 
part less than two-fifths is not redeemed unless proof is presented that the 
rest was destroyed. 

In the macerater the canceled notes pass through the final process of The 
destruction. The macerater is a huge spherical receptacle of steel, which riacerateir 
contains water and is fitted in the interior with closely set knives, which, 
as they revolve, grind the contents exceedingly fine. The massive lid is 
secured by three Yale locks, each with its own individual key. The key 
of one lock is held by the Treasurer, of another by the Secretary, and of 
the third by the Comptroller of the Currency. Every day at one o'clock 
these three officials or their deputies, with a fourth one, designated by the 
Secretary to represent the banks and the people, assemble at the macerater 
to deposit in it the money which is to be destroyed. Each key-holder un- 
locks his respective lock, the lid is lifted, the packages of halved bank 
notes are brought, and the macerater — a veritable hungry and insatiate 
monster— receives its million dollar tribute. The lid is shut-to, the keys 
are turned in the locks, the machinery is put in motion, the macerater be- 
gins its revolutions, and the 156 steel knives within are put to their work. 



and 

its 

Daily 



Bond 
Vault 



n6 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

The Each batch of material is ground finely and more finely, until at the end 
flacerator f f our or fi ve d av s its maceration is complete. The committee of four 
then unlock a valve and the liquid pulp flows out, is screened into a pit 
below, and is thence transferred to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 
Tribute to be rolled out into sheets of bookbinders' board and sold for $40 a ton. 
Samples of the million dollar money pulp are fashioned into various forms 
for souvenirs, and for a fraction of a dollar one may acquire enough of it 
to make himself rich beyond the dreams of avarice. 

The capacity of the macerator is one ton of pulp. The average amount 
destroyed daily is a million dollars. The largest sum ever deposited in 
the macerator by the committee in one day was $151,000,000, destroyed on 
June 27, 1894; it consisted of national bank notes and United States bonds. 
Among the vaults to which the attention of the visitor is directed are the 
Tne Bond Vault, which contains the United States bonds deposited by the 
National Banks as security for their own notes in circulation; Vault No. 1, 
in the basement, containing silver dollars ; and Vault No. 2, containing sil- 
ver dollars, fractional silver currency and gold coin. The gold held here is 
to supply the demand of the District of Columbia. The Gold Reserve is held 
in the Sub-Treasuries, where the local demand for gold coin is to be met. The 
law requires the Treasury to hold a reserve of at least $100,000,000 in gold 
to sustain the credit of the United States. At every change of Adminis- 
tration, on the appointment of the new Treasurer, all the money in the 
several vaults is counted by a committee of thirty-five, who represent the 
incoming and the outgoing officials, and it is not until the three months' 
task has been finished that the new Treasurer is prepared to receipt to his 
predecessor for the precise sum delivered into his care and keeping. 

There is a carefully devised system of guarding the Treasury. The force of sixty- 
eight watchmen — all of them honorably discharged from the Army or Navy — is divided 
into three reliefs. They patrol the building night and day, and during the day a special 
force is on hand at the main door always prepared for an emergency. Electric bells 
are turned in every half hour, day and night, to the Captain's office. This office is in 
communication with that of the Chief of Police, and with Fort Myer and the Arsenal, 
whence police, cavalry and artillery could be summoned and would promptly be on 
hand. Arms are stored in many of the rooms where large sums of money are handled; 
with these the Captain of the Watch could on the instant arm a thousand men. The 
offices of the Treasurer, the Assistant Treasurer and the Cashier are connected by 
wire with that of the Captain, and in less than thirty seconds the Captain could 
respond with an armed force. 

Outside, watchmen are stationed in the watch-houses, which are so disposed as to 
command the entire building. The Treasury day closes at 4 o'clock, at which hour 
work ceases. At 5 o'clock all doors are closed, except the main one, and the keys are 
delivered to the Captain of the Watch. By 6 o'clock every one except the watchmen 
must have left the building. After that hour no one is ever admitted except the 
Secretary, the Treasurer and the Treasurer's Chief Clerk. 

Other branches of the Treasury Department have to do with a variety of interests; 
among them are the Supervising Architect of Government buildings throughout the 
United States, Bureau of Navigation, Lighthouse Board, Life-Saving Service, Steam- 
boat Inspection, and the Customs and Internal Revenue. 



The Treasury. 



117 




PERFORATING STAMPS. 




PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE FROM THE TREASURY. 



J( 





THE PRESIDENT IN HIS OFFICE 

Made expressly for the "Washington Standard Guide " by 
Messrs. Harris & Ewing, 131 1 F Street, N. W., Washington 

Copyright, 1907, by Harris & Ewing 



STATE, WAR AND NAVY. 

The State, War and Navy Building, on Pennsylvania avenue west of the White 
House, is open to visitors from 9 to 2. Take the elevator in the corridor on the right 
(Pennsylvania avenue entrance) to second floor. The doorkeepers will give admission 
to the ante-rooms. 

WITH a frontage of 342-ft. on Pennsylvania avenue, and a 
depth of 565-ft., the four-storied granite structure of the 
State, War and Navy Department ranks as the largest and 
most magnificent office building in the world. It has 500 
rooms and two miles of marble halls. The stairways are of granite with 
balusters of bronze, and the entire construction is fireproof; for the records 
and archives deposited within its walls are priceless and beyond restoration. 
The War Department occupies the west wing, the Navy Department 
the east wing, and the State Department the south. The main entrance 
to all of these is on the Pennsylvania avenue front. The offices of the 
Secretaries, on the second floor, are accessible only for business ; but the 
richly furnished ante-rooms may be inspected. 

The walls of the corridor of the Secretary of War's offices and the \y ar 
ante-room show a series of portraits of Secretaries, beginning with Henry 
Knox (1789, Washington's first administration) and including many men 
whose names are household words in American homes. Of chief and 
peculiar interest are Huntington's portraits of Grant, Sherman and Sheri- 
dan, the three frames grouped with a drapery of the Stars and Stripes and 
a silken standard of the Arms of the United States. The Washington 
portrait is a copy of an original by Gilbert Stuart. 

On the opposite side of the hall are the Headquarters of the Army and Washington's 
the office of the Commander-in-Chief. In the hall above are shown mod- Life Guard 
els of the uniform of the Army at various periods of the service. Among 
the groups is one which represents the dress of Washington's Life Guard. 
The service, formed in 1776, consisted of 180 men, who were carefully se- 
lected for their soldierly qualities and trustworthiness. Each of the Thir- 
teen States are represented. The duty of the members was to serve as a 
special body guard of the General, his baggage, papers, etc. The motto of 
the Guard was, "Conquer or die." 

In the ante-room of the office of the Secretary of the Navy may be seen N« vy 
portraits of former Secretaries; the series is incomplete. In the corridor 
are models of war vessels. The Naval Library is on the fourth floor. 

In the ante-room of the Secretary of State's office are portraits of for- 
mer Secretaries, with others in the Diplomatic Reception Room, the 
salon in which the Secretary receives foreign ministers. 

119 



120 Washington, the A 7 at ion's Capital. 

The portraits here are of Thomas Jefferson, 1789, Washington's first term ; Daniel 
Webster, 1841 and 1850; William H. Seward, 18G1 and 1865; Elihu B. Washburne, 1869; 
Hamilton Fish, 1869; Wm. M. Evarts, 1877; James G. Blaine, 1881 and 1889; and F. T. 
Frelinghuysen, 1SS1. A portrait of Lord Ashburton recalls the "Ashburton Treaty" 
of 1842, which defined the boundaries between the United States and the British Pos- 
sessions in North America, and provided for the suppression of the. slave trade. 

State The State Library on the third floor, south corridor, is the most in- 
Library Cresting room in the building, not alone for its 50,000 volumes, rare and 
valuable as many of them are, but for the national heirlooms treasured 
here. Foremost among these is a facsimile of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. Near the facsimile hangs the original of Thomas Jefferson's 
The first draft of the instrument. It is in his hand, with interlineations by 
Declaration Franklin and John Adams. The original of the Constitution and of Wash- 
ington's commission as Commander-in-Chief are preserved in the safe. 
Other objects of interest displayed are: 
Washington's The Sword of Washington. It is encased in a sheath of black leather, 
Sword with silver mountings. The handle is of ivory, pale green, wound with 
silver wire. The belt, of white leather, has silver mountings. The sword 
was among the four bequeathed by Washington to his four nephews. This 
one was chosen by Samuel Washington, who willed it to his son, Samuel 
T. Washington, by whom it was presented to Congress in 1843. There are 
also shown some volumes of Washington's Diaries. 
Franklin's The Staff of Franklin. Franklin bequeathed it to Washington, his will 
Staff providing: "My fine crab-tree walking stick, with a gold head curiously 
wrought in the form of the cap of liberty, I give to my friend, and the 
friend of mankind, General Washington. If it were a scepter, he has 
merited it, and would become it. It was a present to me from that ex- 
cellent woman, Madame De Forbach, the dowager duchess of Deux- 
Ponts." Washington left it to his brother, Charles Washington, by whose 
grandson, Samuel T. Washington, it was presented to Congress, with 
Washington's sword, in 1843. There are also buttons from Franklin's 
dress coat. 

Thomas Jefferson's desk, on which he wrote the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 
Seal The Great Seal of the United States is shown in wax replica. The seal 
of the was adopted by Congress in 1782. The arms consist of an American eagle 
United supporting an escutcheon on his breast, and holding in his talons an olive 
a es branch and a bundle of thirteen arrows, and in his beak a scroll inscribed 
with the motto E Pluribus Unum. Above is a glory with a constellation of 
thirteen stars. The eagle as the national emblem is found at every turn in 
Washington. 

Hull A silver set, presented by citizens of Philadelphia, 1812, to Capt. Isaac 
Relics Hull, commander of the American frigate Constitution, in commemoration 
of his victory of Aug. 19, 1812, when he destroyed the British man-of-war 
Guerriere. Also a brace of pistols and a sword, presented to him by Con- 
necticut for a similar memorial. The American frigate Constitution (Old 
Ironsides) was built at Boston in 1797. At the beginning of the War of 
1812, she was commanded by Capt Isaac Hull. On Aug 10, 1812, she 



State, War and Navy. 



121 




BRITISH EMBASSY. 




GERMAN EMBASSY. 



122 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




MEMORIAL CONTINENTAL HALL. 

Erected by the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 

Edward Pearce Casey, Architect. 




GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 



State, War and Navy. 



123 



riedala 



took the British ship Guerriere in a close fight; and for his gallantry Hull 
was voted a gold medal by Congress. The Constitution is now a receiving 
ship 

Washington's eye-glasses, given by him to Lafayette and presented to 
the United States by Lafayette's great-grandson, Count Octave Assailly. 
Medals awarded by acts of Congress to officers of the Army and Navy 
for distinguished services. A whale's tooth sent to the United States as a 
treaty by the King of the Fiji Islands. Obus (explosive shell) from the 
Paris Commune of 1871. Presented by Minister Washburne. 

The State Department is the depository for all the engrossed copies of state 
the laws of the United States, all proclamations by the Executive, all Department 
treaties, pardons, and a thousand and one other records and archives. The 
Department of Justice, a branch of the State Department, is opposite on 
Pennsylvania avenue. 




CITY POST OFFICE AND POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, 



SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 

AND NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

The two buildings are situated in the south part of what is commonly known 
as the Smithsonian Grounds — a part of the Mall, near B street, between 7th and 12th 
streets. They are most easily reached by the cars of the Capital Traction Company, 
through its 7th street division, although a branch of the Metropolitan Railroad Com- 
pany, called the Le Droit Park Line, is also within a convenient distance. Both 
buildings are open to the public daily, except Sunday, from 9 a. m. to 4:30 p. m. 
There is a public cafe at the east end of the Museum building. 

The Smithsonian Institution, which occupies a prominent place among 
the learned establishments of the world, was founded by Congress in 
1846 through the generosity of James Smithson, an Englishman, who in 
1829 bequeathed his entire property "to the United States of America to 
found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an 
establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." 
The original fund of about $515,000, which with certain additions has by 
provision of law been drawing annually six per cent, from the United 
States Treasury, has no"' increased by accumulations of interest and by 
the public-spirited generosity of individual donors to over $900,000. 

The Smithsonian Institution stimulates, encourages and rewards scien- 
tific investigation and study in various departments of knowledge. It 
has a library of 250,000 volumes, mostly deposited with the Library of 
Congress, and is the custodian of the National Collections. It issues three 
classes of publications, called the "Contributions to Knowledge," the 
"Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" and the "Annual Reports." The 
first two contain the record of original scientific research, and the third, 
popular papers relating to most of the domains of knowledge. Through 
its Bureau of International Exchanges it furnishes a medium of inter- 
change between learned societies and men not only in this country alone, 
but throughout the entire world, having over twenty thousand corre- 
spondents outside the United States in every quarter of the globe where 
civilized man is found. 

The Smithsonian Building is constructed of red sandstone ; it is 447 x 160 
ft., and the highest of its nine towers is 150 ft. The building is a 
combination of Gothic and Romanesque architecture, but the style is one 
poorly adapted to its purpose. fTEe collections in the Smithsonian ^BfeU- 
-kig comprise tens of thousands of birds, fishes, reptiles and invertebrates. 
Sponges and corals are numerous. The extensive archaeological collec- 
tions are particularly rich in American antiquities. Mexico and Porto 
Rico are represented by special collections. There are models of a Zuni ; 
pueblo, homes of the cliff dwellers of North America, and Swiss lake vil>/ 
lage, with prehistoric implements from the cave dwellers of France. 

The National Museum, which is under the direction of the Institution, 
is supported by an annual appropriation of Congress. The building, com- 
pleted in 1881, is 325-ft. square, and covers two and one-third acres. An 
additional granite building, to contain nearly ten acres of floor space, 
is in course of erection on the Mall opposite the Smithsonian Building. 

124 



Smithsonian and National Museum. 



125 




THE SMITHSONIAN 



The collections have increased from about 190,000 specimens in 1882 to 
over 6,000,000 in 1905. It is the recognized depository for all objects 
of scientific and artistic interest which come into the possession of the 
Government, and its special function is to preserve these treasures perpetu- 
ally and so to administer them as to make them serve the most useful 
ends for those who desire to examine them. Thus, while the objects of 
more popular interest are exhibited in the halls, the larger portions of 
the collections are stored away in the laboratories where they can be con- 
sulted by properly accredited students and investigators. 

Among the agencies which have contributed most largely to building up 
the national collections may be .mentioned the various explorations and 
surveys of the Government. 




THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



126 Washington, the Nations Capital. 



The Historical Collections of the Museum contain personal relics, 
Collections 



mementoes and memorials of most of the Presidents of the United States, 



and of scores of statesmen, soldiers and others who have had part in 
the history of the country and the advancement of civilization. Among 
those of greatest popular interest are the Washington and Grant relics. 

The Washington relics include the uniform General Washington wore 
as Commander-in-Chief, on the occasion of resigning his commission at 
Annapolis; the camp chest with its pewter dishes, knives, forks, cooking 
utensils, etc., used by him during the Revolutionary War. The Grant relics 
were presented to the United States in 1885 by Mrs. Julia Dent Grant and 
William H. Vanderbilt. They consist of his swords, memorials of his 
victories, from the United States, States and cities, and tributes to his 
fame and achievements from governments all over the world. 

The Senate and the House adopted a joint resolution, declaring "That 
the United States accept, with graceful acknowledgment, the said property, 
to be held by the United States, and preserved and protected in the City 
of Washington for the use and inspection of the people of the United 
States." 

There are also valuable gifts to Presidents of the United States as well 
as to statesmen, soldiers and other representative Americans. 

Very interesting collections have been received commemorating military 
and naval events in the Philippine Islands, Cuba and Porto Rico. 
Ethnology Tne ethnological exhibits include valuable series of objects representing 
the customs, arts and industries of the North American Indians, the 
Eskimo, natives of Africa, various countries of Asia, Korea, Japan, British 
Columbia and other regions. 

There are also special exhibits illustrating the chief religions of the 

world. These are divided into the following sections: Biblico-Judaic; 

Christian; Mohammedan; Assyro-Babylonian ; Hittite ; Graeco-Roman ; 

Brahman and Buddhist. 

Natural The natural history collections are intended to represent primarily the 

History fauna of the United States, and secondarily, some of the principal forms 

found in foreign countries. 
Geology The Department of Geology contains the extensive collections of the 
U. S. Geological Survey, a special exhibit illustrating limestone caverns, 
and including a large series of stalagmitic and stalactitic minerals, to- 
gether with a collection of representative forms of the animals inhabiting 
caves. In the economic section are full and systematic collections illus- 
trating the mineral resources of the United States, arranged geographically, 
and also a systematic series in which minerals of the same nature and 
from different sources are arranged by kinds. The mineral exhibits include 
such well-known collections as the Isaac Lea collection, the Leidy collec- 
tion, with many others obtained by officers of the U. S. Geological Survey, 
the Stroud collection, the Hawes collection, etc. 
sila The -geological collections, under the present classification, also embrace 
the collections of fossils, the most important of which, valued at $50,000, 
was presented by the late Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, Pa. 



Smithsonian and National Museum. 



127 






ex , 



soUt/Mvesj PaViliojJ 

NX 




T^-EASTi-l 



fJORrfCW£.SJ-['A\/lLIOfl 

QX 



MAIN ENTRANCE. 



The National Zoological Park is also administered under the Smith- 
sonian Institution. See page 19. The Smithsonian has charge also of 
the Bureau of American Ethnology and the Astrophysical Observatory. 

The Standard Guide Key to National Museum Collections. 

North Hall — American History, from Lief Ericson to the Philippine War. 
Musical instruments in wall cases. Limoges panel. Terra-cotta 
pulpit and font. Model of Statue of Prof. Henry in the Library. 
Rotunda — Model of Crawford's Statue of Armed Liberty, on the Capitol 

Dome. 
South Hall and Gallery — Mammals. 
East Hall — Department of Technology and Transportation. 

Development of Harpoon, Fish-hook, Torch, Candle, Lamp. Cut- 



128 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



ting implements from the stone knife to the modern cleaver. The 
Sword, Flying Machine. Cable, Telegraph. Gallery — Materia Medica. 

West Hall — Groups of Races of Man. Egyptian Mummies. Hiero- 
glyphics. Idols. Gallery — Religious ceremonials. 

West North Range — Indian Groups. Catlin Indian Portraits. 

Northwest Range — Alaskan relics. Eskimo Tribes. Totem posts. 

Northwest Court — Indian Groups. Indian pottery. Gallery — Arts and 
industries of Aborigines of North, South and Central America. 

West South Range — Systematic Geology. 

Southwest Range — Mineralogy. Systematic and comparative series of 
minerals. Gems and precious stones. Metallic collection. 

Southwest Court — Applied Geology. Ores used in the arts and industries. 

East North Range — Lecture Hall. 

Northeast Range — Naval Architecture. Models of craft. 

Northeast Court — Section of Graphic Arts. Technical illustrations of 
the reproductions of multiplying arts. The various methods of paint- 
ing and drawing. Gallery — Ceramics. Ivory and bronze. 

East South Range — Comparative Anatomy. 

Southeast Range — Casts of Reptiles and Fishes. 

Southeast Court — Vertebrate Paleontology. Systematic series of fossil 
vertebrates. Gallery — Invertebrate Paleontology. 

Smithsonian Institution Collections* 

First Floor — Main Hail — Birds, shells, fishes in alcohol. Stone Corridor — 
Insects. West Hall — Marine Invertebrates. South Tower — Children's 
room. Vestibule and Hall — Lorillard collection of Mexican antiquities; 
hieroglyphics; calendar stone. 

Second Floor — Department of Anthropology. Indian antiquities. Cliff 
dwellings. Egyptian, Peruvian and Alaskan mummies. 




the new union station. 



PENSION BUILDING. 



The Pension Building 
from 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. 



is in Judiciary Square, at F and Fourth Streets. Open 



M 



ORE eloquent than the storied frieze of the Parthenon to an 
American is the sculpture of the Pension Building, with the 
marching hosts of the Boys in Blue. Infantry, cavalry and 
artillery — now keeping buoyant step to the drumbeat and now 
lagging with weariness, the strong supporting the weak — here they are 
pictured marching on, as the world saw them march, in the years when 
men bore arms for their country. Many a veteran has felt his pulse 
quicken at the sight of the old familiar scenes, and to many a younger man 
the story of the '60s has been made more real by these speaking groups. 
Within the immense building — for it covers an area of 200x400-ft. — one 
finds a vast court, with lofty roof of iron and glass. It is a veritable bit 
of outdoors between four walls. Gallery rises above gallery, surrounding 
Ihe court, and tier upon tier of offices. The roof, of iron and glass, is 
supported by great columns which appear to be marble, but are brick — 
55.700 bricks to a column. They rest on foundations 18-ft. below the 
floor, and from the floor to the roof they are 75-ft. in height. The build- 
ing was completed in 1885. Some notion of its magnitude may be had 
from the fact that at the inauguration balls, which are held here, 18,000 
people have been gathered within it. The floor space is filled with rows 
upon rows of cabinets, in which are filed the hundreds of thousands 
of documents relating to pensions. So perfect is the system that within 
five minutes after inquiry the entire record of a pension case may be 
put before one. Among the 2,000 clerks here may be noted many an old 
soldier wearing the bronze button ; and there may be seen, too, many 
an armless sleeve. 




■;.. .:'....;•■ ' : 



THE PENSION BUILDING. 



THE NAVY YARD. 



1 



On the Eastern Branch of the Potomac, at the foot of 8th street east, and at the 
terminus of the Navy Yard (green car) line of the Pennsylvania avenue cars. Open 
to the public from 9 o'clock to 4 o'clock. No pass required. Local guides will facilitate 
inspection of the yard if one's time be limited. 

T is not a shipbuilding establishment, but an ordnance factory we find 
when we pass through the arched entrance of the Washington Navy 
Yard, and we are likely to be disappointed if we expect to find one 
of the armored ships of the White Squadron at anchor in the Eastern 
Trophies Branch. But there are guns to study, ancient relics of the past, trophies 
eloquent of the gallant exploits of the old Navy, and new guns here mak- 
ing for the equipment of the new Navy of to-day. The trophies meet us 
at the entrance. Just within the gate on Dahlgren avenue (the avenues 
are named after Commandants of the yard) we find two bronze cannons, 
which Capt. Stephen Decatur took from the Tripolitans, Aug. 3, 1804. 
Further down the avenue is the famous Long Tom. 

The Long Tom is a 42-pound cast-iron gun made in 1786. It belonged originally 
*• to the man-of-war Noche, one of the French fleet sent in 1798 to invade Ireland, and 
T ° m captured by the British under Sir John B. Warren. The gun was taken to England 
and sold to the Americans. It was afterward struck by a shot, and so injured as to be 
condemned, and was sold to Hayti, to be used against France, the nation in whose ser- 
vice it had first burned powder. Brought back to America again, the Long Tom 
formed one of the battery of the armed brig General Armstrong (fitted out by private 
hands and commanded by Capt. Samuel Chester Reid, On Sept. 24, 1814, off Bayal, 
one of the Azores, the Armstrong engaged single-handed in a fight with three ships of 
the British Squadron, which was then on its way to New Orleans, and so disabled the 
fleet that it was delayed, and failed to reach New Orleans for the great fight there, 
when Jackson won the day. The Armstrong was afterward sunk to save her from the 
enemy, but the Long Tom was removed and was presented by the Portuguese Govern- 
ment to the United States. It was sent to this country for the World's Fair. 

At the end of the avenue, in front of the Commandant's office, and in 
the gun park south of it, there are other relics and trophies — guns captured 
by Decatur from Algiers and Tripoli, and taken in the wars of the Revolu- 
tion, 1812, Mexican and Civil. 

The Museum is shaded by a willow tree which was grown from a slip 
from one of the trees over the grave of Napoleon at St. Helena; it was 
brought home by Commodore Bainbridge and planted here. The Mu- 
seum contains a collection of relics and of specimens illustrating different 
classes of ordnance, projectiles and naval equipments. 

In the gun shop (reached by the small stairway on the right of Dahl- 
gren avenue) may be seen one of the most impressive exhibitions on this 
continent of machinery in operation. Here are the great lathes, turning, 
boring and rifling the steel breech-loading rifles of the Navy. These are 

130 



The Navy Yard. 131 

formidable pieces of artillery, ranging from the 4-in. caliber to that of 
13-in. caliber, which is 39-ft. 11-in. in length, weighs 65 tons, and carries 
a projectile of 1,100-lbs., with a range of thirteen miles. The calibers are 
4> 5. 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 inches; and their ranges correspond — 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 
12 and 13 miles. 

The guns are forged at Bethlehem, Pa., and are brought here in a rough state to The 
be finished. Each gun consists of a central steel tube, and its jacket and hoops also Gun 
of steel. The jacket and hoops are shrunk upon the tube, i. e., are fitted on to it Shop 
when expanded by heat, and are then shrunk by cooling, just as the tire is shrunk and 
upon the wagon-wheel. All the successive processes may be witnessed — the boring of 't 8 
the jacket cylinder, trimming down the tube to fit the jacket, and fitting the heated Work 
jacket upon the tube; boring the hoops, trimming the jacket to fit the hoops, and 
fitting the heated hoops upon the jacket. As the jacket cools it shrinks upon the tube 
as compactly as if the jacket and tube were one solid piece, and the hoops in turn be- 
come as a part of the jacket. The gun, thus built up of separate layers of steel, is a 
product which in practice proves to possess greater strength than a gun forged of one 
mass of metal. The work involves an extreme nicety of calculation on the part of the 
engineers who plan the measurements. 

From this stage of manufacture, the gun — weighing sixty odd tons — is carried by 
the powerful traveling crane to the barrel-boring lathes, where the barrel and chamber 
are bored out; and then to the rifling lathe, which cuts the grooves of the rifling, inch 
by inch, foot by foot, through the length of the barrel. The operations here are on a 
gigantic scale, the machinery is ponderous, the product titanic. The immense lathes 
do their work almost noiselessly, with ease, smoothness, precision and deliberation, 
which bespeak a reserve of strength and power irresistible. 

* Other shops which possess interest are those of the gun-carriage de- 
partment, and the breech mechanism and projectile departments. 

The Marine Barracks are on 8th street, near the Navy Yard: reached 

. , . ' Marine 

by Pennsylvania avenue cars. Concerts by the Marine Band in summer B arrac i« 

at 2 P. M. ; guard-mount daily at 9 A. M. 

The Arsenal (or Washington Barracks) is at the foot of 4^ street, 
S.W., on the Potomac ; reached by the 7th street cars. Only the grounds 
are open to the public, and there is no special interest for the visitor. 

The Washington Barracks, at the foot of 4^ street and the Potomac, 
is the most important military post in the country. The Engineers' Washington 
School of Application is for the final military instruction of the honor 
graduates of West Point. Here, too, are the new War College and 
the School of National Defense, the classes in which are composed 
of honor graduates of the infantry, cavalry and artillery schools at Fort 
Leavenworth and Fort Monroe. 

The United States Naval Observatory, in charge of the Bureau of. 
Navigation, is on the heights north of the Georgetown and Rockville road. 
It has a 26-1V equatorial telescope, is admirably equipped for astronomical 
work, and holds a high place among the institutions of its class. From ^ aval 
the Observatory Washington time is telegraphed daily to all parts of the 
United States. Open to visitors from 9 to 3. On Thursday night of 
each week visitors may use the telescope, on presenting a permit which 
may be obtained on application to T. C. Wrenn, Chief Clerk, Room 374, 
State, War and Navy Building. 



Arsenal 



Barracks 



THE SOLDIERS' HOME. 

Situated three miles north of the Capitol. Reached (hest route) by the 7th street 
cars (transfer from Pennsylvania avenue cars) to boundary, thence Brightwodd line. 
Or by Eckington and Soldiers' Home line, with walk of three-quarters of a mile up- 
hill. . Open daily, from 9 to sunset. 

TWO landmarks are conspicuous upon the hills which encircle 
Washington — the colonnaded portico of Arlington House on the 
heights of Virginia in the west and the white tower of the 
United States Soldiers' Home on the rim of the hills on the 
north. It may be said that they mark in the west and in the north the 
geographical range of interest for the visitor in the Federal City. Neither 
of them should be omitted from one's itinerary. 

The Home is beautiful for situation; its Norman tower is a distinctly site 
pleasing element of the landscape, and in turn the grounds give a much 
admired prospect of Washington, with the Capitol, the new Library, the 
Monument and the windings of the Potomac. A lovelier site would have 
been sought long in vain. 

The Soldiers' Home is for the benefit of men who have been honorably _, 

1-11 r i • 1 " ur P ose 

discharged from the regular army after twenty years service, or who 
[have been disabled by wounds or disease. Inmates are received for life, 
or for a shorter term. Accommodations are afforded for 8oo. 
j Of the five dormitory buildings, the principal one is the Scott Building, 
named in grateful memory of the founder of the- Home, Gen. Winfield 
Scott. It is of white marble, with Norman battlements and a clock tower. 
The Sherman Building is named in honor of Gen. W. T. Sherman, and 
the Sheridan Building after Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. The Anderson 
Building, named for Gen. Robert Anderson, in recognition of his early 
^efforts in behalf of the Home, is popularly known as the President's Cot- 
tage. Several of the Presidents have spent the summer months here. 
The King Building is named after Surgeon B. King, who was long sta- 
tioned here. Officers' Quarters, a Library with 7,000 volumes, the Chapel 
and the Hospital complete the group. Near the Chapel is a monument National 
erected by the enlisted men of the army in memory of "Henry Wilson, Cemetery 
the Soldiers' Friend." Just north of the grounds, in the National Ceme- 
tery, with its headstones in orderly array of nearly 7,000 soldiers, is the 
monument erected by the soldiers of the Home to the memory of Gen. 
John C. Kelton, Governor in 1892-93. The grounds comprise 512 acres 
of diversified lawn, slope and ravine. One view which is much admired 
as that from the knoll on which stands Launt Thompson's bronze statue 
:of . Gen. Scott - ... - - 

133 



ARLINGTON. 



The Arlington National Cemetery, on the Virginia hills beyond the Potomac, 
is open daily, Sunday included, from sunrise to sunset. 

The Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway (trolley), connecting with 
Pennsylvania avenue green cars and transfer coaches across the Aqueduct Bridge, run 
half-hourly to the Fort Myer Gate at the top of the hill. Roud trip on cars, 15 cents. 
For schedule see advertising page. 

Trains of the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Railway (trolley), leaving the 
station at 12th street and Pennsylvania avenue hourly, take one to the Sheridan Gate 
of the cemetery, at the foot of the hill. Round trip, 20 cents. For schedule see 
advertising page. 

Wagonettes of the Arlington Transfer Co. meet all trains or cars as above at the 
Cemetery gates to convey visitors through the Cemetery and Fort Myer. See fuller 
notice in advertising pages. 

AT ARLINGTON sleep 16,000 soldiers who died in the War for the 
Union. It is consecrated ground, to which come thousands every 
year from the North and the South, the East and the West, to 
honor those "who gave their lives that the country might live." 
It is- a worthy pilgrimage. Just as one may not comprehend in its fullness 
the outward and material beauty of Washington who has not looked upon 
the city as a part of the noble prospect from Arlington House, so he has 
not caught the finer essence of what Washington stands for as the Capital 
of the Nation who has not within the sacred precincts of Arlington Ceme- 
tery been brought closer to the four years of sacrifice and felt his patriot- 
ism quicken at the contact. 

One route is through Georgetown, across the Aqueduct Bridge, and General 
passing through the reservation of Fort Myer to the Fort Myer gate. The Gates 
other route takes us across the historic Long Bridge to the memorable 
gates, one of them named for Ord andWeitzel; another for Sheridan, its 
columns inscribed also with the names of Scott, Lincoln, Stanton and 
Grant; and a third for McClellan. By whatever gate we enter the grounds 
we shall come to Arlington House, whose portico columns we have seen 
from Washington. 

The house is now occupied by the superintendent of the grounds. In 
the room on the left of the hall, formerly the main drawing room, a regis- 
ter is kept, in which visitors are requested to record their names. On the 
walls are hung sketch-plans of the cemetery, and framed copies of ad- 
dresses and orations becoming the place; chief among these is President 
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, spoken at the dedication of the Gettysburg 
National Cemetery, on Nov. 19, 1863: 

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new The 
nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created Gettysburg 
equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any Address 
nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle- 
field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting 
place for those who here gave their lives that the nation might live. It is altogether 
fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — 
we cannot consecrate — we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, 
who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. 

135 / 



136 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never 
forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the 
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far fo nobly advanced. It is 
rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us— that from 
these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause to which they gave the 
last full measure of devotion— that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not 
have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; 
and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish 
from the earth. 

The The mansion stands on the brow of the hill, whose slope stretches away 
Arlington a ha jf m ;j e to the p t mac, 200 feet below. The view here opening before 
one has been famed for a century. When Lafayette was a guest at Arling- 
ton House he pronounced the prospect from its porch one of the most 
beautiful he had ever looked upon. The traveler of to-day, although com- 
ing like Lafayette from distant lands, may still pronounce the scene one of 
the rarest he has beheld. 

Below flows the placid Potomac, from whose further shore rise George- 
town and Washington; and beyond the encircling hills roll away to the 
horizon's rim. In the far north stands out the white tower of the Soldiers 
Home; in the south are the spires ot Alexandria. The view is wide and 
far-reaching, and it has many attractions upon which the eye lingers long; 
but Washington is ever its central and commanding feature. So Federal 
City and National Cemetery stand here close together and look each upon 
the other. And this is well. For if it must needs have been that the men 
who rest at Arlington should die for their country, what more fitting than 
that in the bivouac of the long night they should sleep on the heights over- 
looking the Capitol itself, close to the heart of the Nation they gave their 
blood to maintain? 
The The grounds of Arlington are noble in contour and adornment. The 
Grounds art Q { the i an( j sca p e gardener has beautified the surroundings; there are 
flower beds and lawns, and a profusion of ornamental trees and shrubs. 
But above what the skill of man has done, and beyond it all. one recognizes 
the majestic beauty of the site itself, with its slopes and ravines and the 
hillsides crowned with oaks. It is as if through long centuries nature 
herself had lovingly moulded the spot, making it ready for its final great 
purpose, the resting place of the Nation's heroic dead. 
Temple The means employed to give a military and national character to Ar- 
of Fame Hngton are simple and dignified. All the day through the Stars and 
Stripes float from the staff before the house, until the sunset gun of Fort 
Myer sends its echoes answering from shore to shore. In the garden plot 
to the south rises the Temple of Fame, an open circular colonnade, with 
low-domed roof; the cornice bears the names of Washington, Lincoln, 
Grant and Farragut; and on the columns are those of Thomas, Meade, 
McPherson, Sedgwick, Reynolds, Humphreys, Garfield and Mansfield. 
The beds of the flower gardens are arranged in patterns to form the names 
of the great commanders and symbols and badges of army corps. Dis- 
posed here and there about the grounds are bronze tablets inscribed with 
the solemn measures of Col. Theodore O'Hara's elegiac, "The Bivouac of 



Arlington. 



*37 




THE FIELD OF THE DEAD. 




THE TEMPLE OF FAME AT ARLINGTON. 



138 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

The the Dead." The poem was read at the dedication of a monument at 

Bivouac Frankfort to the memory of the Kentucky soldiers killed in the Mexican 

of the WaJ% w j lose rema i ns had been gathered for burial in their own land. 
Dead 

THE BIVOUAC OF THE DEAD. 
The muffled drum's sad roll has beat The neighing troop, the flashing blade, 

The soldier's last tattoo; The bugle's stirring blast, 

No more on Life's parade shall meet The charge, the dreadful cannonade, 

That brave and fallen few. The din and shou are past. 

On Fame's eternal camping-ground Rest on, embalmed and sainted dead! 

Their silent tents are spread, Dear as the blood ye gave! 

And Glory guards, with solemn round, No impious footsteps here shall tread 

The bivouac of the dead. The herbage of your grave. 

No rumor of the foe's advance Nor shall your glory be forgot 

Now swells upon the wind; While Fame her record keeps, 

No troubled thought at midnight haunts Or Honor points the hallowed spot 

Of loved ones left behind. Where Valor proudly sleeps. 

No vision of the morrow's strife Nor wreck, nor change, nor Winter's blight 

The warrior's dream alarms, Nor Time's remorseless doom, 

No braying horn nor screaming fife Shall dim one ray of holy light 

At dawn shall call to arms. That gilds your glorious tomb. 

Decoration There is a sylvan temple where the services of Decoration Day are 
Day held; it is an amphitheater formed by an embankment of earth, green with 
turf and shaded with trellises of vines. The reading desk of the rostrum 
is of marble in classic design, and ornamental stone columns support the 
latticed roof of green. In the southeast part of the plateau a grove of 
maples has been planted after the plan of a Gothic cathedral, with over- 
arching aisles, which will grow in stateliness and grandeur as time 
goes on. 

Field The most impressive sight at Arlington is that of the field of the dead, 
of the on the level plateau, where the headstones stretch away in lines endless 

Dead to ^ c v i s i on The stones are set in rows, uniform in distance one from 
the other, arrayed in order and marshaled as battalions for review, a silent 
army of 16,000 strong. The headstones are of the simple pattern adopted 
in the year 1872 for all of the National Cemeteries — here, at Gettysburg, 
Chattanooga and elsewhere. On each marble or granite slab is inscribed 
the name of the soldier whose grave it marks, with his State and the num- 
ber by which he has been enrolled in the Roll of Honor — the roster kept 
by the War Department of those who died in the service of the country; 
it consists of thirty-one volumes and contains the records of 250,000 de- 
ceased Union soldiers. 

Most of the graves at Arlington are on the plateau toward the Fort 
Myer reservation; down below, under the hill by the Ord and Weitzel 
gate, is -another field, which contains 5,000 graves. 

"Near the Temple of Fame, whose columns proclaim the distinguished 
names thus chosen for peculiar honor, stands another memorial, the monu- 



A rlin gton. 



139 



Dead 



ment of the Unknown Dead. Two thousand one hundred and eleven 
nameless soldiers are gathered here in one common grave, deprived of the Unknown 
individual measure of fame which each one by his daring and dying mer- 
ited, and denied the poor desert of recognition, even of identification. 
Their names, their homes, their friends, all were unknown. The simple 
story is told in the letters chiseled on the monument's granite face: 



BENEATH THIS 8TONE 

REPOSE THE BONES OF TWO THOU8AND ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVEN UNKNOWN SOLDIERS 

GATHERED AFTER THE WAR 

FROM THE FIELDS OF BULL RUN AND THE ROUTE TO THE RAPPAHANNOCK. 

THEIR REMAINS COULD NOT BE IDENTIFIED BUT THEIR NAMES AND DEATH8 ARE 

RECORDED IN THE ARCHIVES OF THEIR COUNTRY, AND ITS GRATEFUL CITIZENS 

HONOR THEM AS OF THEIR NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS. MAY THEY REST IN PEACE. 

8EPTEMBER, A. D. 1866. 

The slope east of Arlington House has been set apart for the graves of Sheridan 
officers. In front of the house near the flagstaff are the graves of General ® nd 
Philip H. Sheridan (1831-1888) and Admiral David D. Porter (1814-1891). 
Sheridan's resting place is marked by a dignified monument of granite and 
bronze, adorned with a medallion portrait with flag and wreath. The sim- 
ple stone at Porter's grave is to be replaced by a monument. To the 
south, in line with these, are the graves of Purveyor-General J. H. Baxter, 
Colonel Hiram Berdan of the First United States Sharpshooters, and 



Porter 




AN ARLINGTON VISTA. 



140 



Washington, the Nation "s Capital. 




General George Crook (1828-1890). The 
bronze panel of the Crook monument depicts 
the scene of the Surrender of Apaches under 
Geronimo to General Crook in the Sierra 
Madre Mountains, Mexico, 1883. 

Another section of the grounds reserved for 
officers is west of the house, beyond the amphi- 
theater, toward the Fort Myer gate. Here are 
memorials of tbose who fought in the Civil 
War and earlier conflicts. Conspicuous is the 
sarcophagus of Quartermaster-General M. C. 
Meigs, upon whose suggestion to President 
Lincoln in 1864 the estate was converted into a 
military cemetery. Among other monuments 
are those of Belknap, Burns, Harney, Hazen, 
Kirk, Lyford, Paul, Plummer, Ricketts — hero 
of twenty-seven battles, in five of which he 
was borne wounded from the field — Shelby, 
Stedman and Van Dachenhausen. Stones worn 
with age mark the graves of eleven Revolu- 
tionary officers. In accordance with a privilege 
given to the wives and daughters of soldiers 
buried at Arlington, many a woman's grave is 
here beside that of the husband or the father. 

Gen. Lawton's grave is southeast of the Tem- 
ple of Fame. Many of the men who perished 
in the Spanish and Philippine wars are buried 
at Arlington; our illustration shows the noble 
shaft erected to their memory. 



< 




SPANISH WAR MONUMENT. 



Arlington House was built in 1802. The portico 
with its great Doric columns was modeled after that 
of the Temple of Theseus at Athens. In the rear are 
the original servants' quarters; the water tower is 
new. The builder of Arlington was George Washing- 
ton Parke Custis, son of John Parke Custis, whose 
widowed mother became Mrs. Martha Washington. 
When Col. John Parke Custis died at the siege of 
Yorktown, Washington adopted as his own the two 
children, George Washington Parke Custis, and 
Eleanor Parke Custis. Thenceforward Custis was a 
member of the Mount Vernon household, until after 
the death of Mrs. Washington in 1802, when he re- 
moved to. his Arlington estate. Enjoying honored 
distinction as the adopted son of Washington, and 
entertaining with lavish hospitality, he drew to 
Arlington annual hosts of visitors and r riends. 
Lafayette was among the distinguished guests 
here; and there came many another of the friends 
of Washington, to rehearse their recollections 



Arlington. 



141 



of the men and the events of Revolutionary days. The rooms of the mansion were 
stored with a rich collection of Washington mementos and memorials— most of them 
brought from Mount Vernon— portraits, pictures, silver service, and household 
furniture and ornaments. Some of these are now in the National Museum, and others 
are in their original places at Mount Vernon. Custis died in 1857. The marble shafts 
which mark his grave and that of his wife, Mary Lee Custis, are in a retired spot, near 
the limit of the southwestern plateau, in line with the two rows of headstones which 
begin at the avenue with Nos. 656S and 6569. 

Upon the death of Custis, Arlington passed to the children of his only daughter, 
Mary Custis Lee, wife of Col. Robert E. Lee, of the United States Army, to whom she 
had been married in 1831 in the drawing room of Arlington House, where to-day 
visitors register their names. When the Civil War came, Col. Lee resigned from the 
Federal service; on April 22, 1861,, he left Arlington, and with his family went to 
Richmond, there to take command of the Virginia troops, and afterward to become 
the Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Army. 

Hardly had the Lees gone out when the Federal troops took possession, and con- 
jverted the mansion into a headquarters, and the grounds into a camp. Then, as the 
war went on and battles were fought, a hospital was established here ; and when other 
available cemetery grounds no longer sufficed for the burial of the dead, the level 
plateaus and grassy slopes of Arlington were by order of Quartermaster-General Meigs 
devoted to the purpose of a military cemetery. The first grave prepared was for a 
Confederate prisoner who had died in hospital. The total number of dead buried at 
Arlington during the Civil War and since is 20,000. 

In the year 1864 the property was sold for delinquent taxes, and the Government 
bought it, paying $26,100 In 1877 George Washington Custis Lee, heir under the 
Custis will, established his legal title to the property, and the claim was adjusted to 
lis satisfaction by the payment to him by the United States of the sum of $150,000. 




MAP OF ARLINGTON AND VICINITY. 



MOUNT VERNON. 



Mount Vernon is on the Virginia shore oi the Potomac, 16 miles south of Wash- 
ington. It is open to visitors daily except Sunday from 11 to 5 in the term from May 
1st to November 1st, and from 11 to 4 from November 1st to May 1st. An admission 
fee of 25 cents is charged. 

The trip by the steamboat Chas. Macalester gives a delightful sail down the 
Potomac. The boat leaves wharf at 7th and M streets; reached by all car lines. For 
schedule see advertising page. 

The all-rail route is by the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Railway (trolley) 
from station, 12th street and Pennsylvania avenue. For schedule see advertising page. 



T 



HE Mansion House of Mount Vernon occupies a beautiful site 
overlooking the river. It is of wood, cut and painted to re- 
semble stone. The building, 96x30-ft., has two stories and an 
attic with dormer windows ; the roof is surmounted by a cupola, 
with an antique weather-vane. In front extends a piazza 15-ft. deep and 
25-ft. high, with square pillars, and a floor tiled with flags from the Isle 
of Wight. Two kitchens are connected with the central building by 
colonnades. In front of the house are shaded lawns, and a deer park be- 
low ; in the rear are lawns, gardens and orchards ; and disposed about 
the grounds are the outbuildings of a Virginia farm. The main hall of 
the house extends through from front to back ; the six rooms on the first 
floor are the Banquet Room, Music Room, West Parlor, Family Dining 
Room, Mrs. Washington's Sitting Room and the Library. But before 
noting the rooms and their objects of interest, we shall do well to review 
briefly the story of Washington's home and its preservation by the Mount 
Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. 
History The house was built in 1743 by Lawrence, half-brother of George 
Washington. The name of Hunting Creek Estate was changed to Mount 
Vernon in honor of Admiral Vernon, under whom Lawrence had served 
against Spain. On the death of Lawrence and of his only daughter, 
Washington inherited the estate, and came to live here soon after his 
marriage in 1759. Here he conducted his farm until called to the field; to 
Mount Vernon he returned after Yorktown, and again after his terms as 
President ; and here he lived in dignified retirement as a private citizen 
until his death in 1799. The associations of Washington with the place 
during his lifetime and the presence of his tomb here made Mount Vernon 
a shrine of patriotism. When in 1855 John Augustine Washington, being 
without means to maintain the estate, offered it for sale, a patriotic daugh- 
ter of South Carolina, Ann Pamela Cunningham, resolved to save the 
Washington home as a permanent shrine of patriotism. With a high 
Hount courage, which in its very daring augured success, she devoted herself to 
Vernon j tremendous task of raising the sum of $200,000 required for the pur- 

UflUlCB 

Association P ose - I' 1 ^S the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union was 
organized, with Miss Cunningham as Regent and Vice-Regents represent- 
ing twelve States. Contributions were solicited and popular support was 
enlisted. Edward Everett gave the proceeds of his lecture on Washing- 
ton and of certain writings, and thus put into the Association treasury 

142 



Mount Vernon. 143 

the handsome sum of $69,000 as his personal contribution. Washington 
Irving contributed $500; thousands upon thousands of school children 
gave five cents each. The full sum was in hand before the end of 1859, 
and in i860 Mount Vernon became the property of the Association, and 
so of the Nation. A further fund was provided for permanent care and 
maintenance. Portions of the original estate which had been sold have 
been acquired again; buildings which bad fallen into ruin have been re- 
stored; the deer park under the hill has been restocked; the mansion has 
been repaired ; many articles of furniture, and adornment have been re- 
stored to the several rooms; and numbers of valuable relics and memen- 
tos of George and Martha Washington and of their times have been de- 
posited here. The restoration, equipment and keeping of the respective 
rooms have been intrusted to the pious care of the women of the different 
States represented in the Board of Vice-Regents. The privilege of visit- 
ing Mount Vernon, and the satisfaction of knowing that it is a posses- 
sion to be cherished for all time, we owe to this Ladies' Association, and 
beyond it to Ann Pamela Cunningham. The Home and the Tomb of 
Washington will have for us added interest if thus we shall see in them 
a monument of the patriotic impulse, courage and achievement of the 
women of America. 

"No gilded dome swells from the lowly roof to catch the morning or evening 
beam; but the love and gratitude of united America settle upon it in one eternal 
sunshine. From beneath that humble roof went forth the intrepid, unselfish warrior, 
the magistrate who knew no glory but his country's good; to that he returned, hap- 
piest when his work was done. There he lived in noble simplicity, there he died in 
glory and peace. While it stands, the latest generations of the grateful children of 
America will make this pilgrimage to it as to a shrine; and when it shall fall, if fall it 
must, the memory and the name of Washington shall shed an eternal glory on the 
spot." — Edward Everett. 

The several rooms have been assigned to the particular care of various 
Vice-Regents, and by others restorations have been made as follows: 
Alabama — The main hall. California — Restoration of wharf. Connecti- 
cut — Spare chamber. Delaware — One of the guest chambers. District 
of Columbia — Guest chamber. Georgia — Mrs. Washington's sitting room. 
Illinois — West parlor. Kansas — Restoration of servants' quarters. Louis- 
iana — Restoration of summer house and of piazza tiles. Maine — Guest 
chamber. Maryland — Miss Custis's room. Massachusetts — Library. 
Michigan — The old tomb. Minnesota — One of the upper chambers. 
Missouri — Restoration of garden wall. New Jersey — Lafayette's room. 
New York — Banquet hall. North Carcfiina — Northwest upper chamber. 
Ohio — East parlor or music room. Pennsylvania — River room. Rhode 
Island — Restoration of sundial ; also a room in the east quarters. South 
Carolina — Family dining room. Tennessee — One of the upper rooms of 
the old servants' quarters. Virginia — Room in which Washington died. 
West Virginia — Green room. Wisconsin — Room in which Mrs. Wash- 
ington died. The arms of the States are displayed in the respective 
rooms. We note briefly some of the most interesting relics and memor- 
ials in the mansion. An asterisk (*) signifies that the article belonged to 
Washington. 



144 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

Main In the Main Hall. — Key of the Bastille; sent by Lafayette to Wash- 
Hall ington after the capture of the prison; wrought iron, 7-in. in length. 
With it came the model of the Bastille which is in the Banquet Hall. 
Originally a fortress of Paris, the Bastille was converted into a state 
prison, and was hated by the people as an institution of despotism. One 
of the first events of the French Revolution was the storming of the 
Bastille by the Paris mob, July 14, 1789. Lafayette wrote with the gift: 
"Give me leave, my dear general, to present you with a picture of the 
Bastille, just as it looked a few days after I ordered its demolition, with 
the main key of the fortress of despotism. It is a gift which I owe as 
a son to my adopted father, as an aid-de-camp to my general, as a mis- 
sionary of liberty to its patriarch." 

Facsimile of Lafayette's Agreement to Serve in the American Army, 
with rank of Major-General ; the contract was made with Silas Deane 
in Paris, 1776. 

Three of Washington's swords. A clause of Washington's will read: 

"To each of my nephews, Wflliam Augustine Washington, George Lewis, George 
Steptoe Washington, Bushrod Washington and Samuel Washington, I give one of the 
swords, or cutteaux, of which I may die possessed, and they are to chuse in the order 
they are named. The swords are accompanied with an injunction not to unsheath 
them for the purpose of shedding blood, except it be in self defense or in defense of 
their Country and its rights, and in the latter case to keep them unsheathed and prefer 
falling with them in their hands to the relinquishment thereof." 

Three of the swords are preserved here: (1) The one chosen by B. 
Washington — a dress sword, its blade inscribed (in Latin) : "Do what 
is right;" and "Fear no man." Presented by W. F. Havemeyer, of New 
York. (2) The one chosen by Lewis — a dress sword, worn at the An- 
napolis resignation, at the New York inauguration and on state occasions. 
(3) The one chosen by G. S. Washington. This was presented to Wash- 
ington by Theophilus Alt, a celebrated sword maker of Solingen, Prussia. 
The scabbard bears a German inscription, which translated reads : "De- 
stroyer of Despotism, Protector of Freedom, Glorious Man ! Accept 
from my son's hand this sword, I pray thee. Theophilus Alt." The 
sword was presented to the Association by Miss Alice L. Riggs, of Wash- 
ington. 

Discharge papers of a soldier of the Revolution, signed by Washington, 
copy of a print owned by Washington. The Sortie of the Garrison of 
Gibraltar. Engravings of Trumbull's paintings — Bunker Hill and Death 
of Montgomery. The clock on the stairs was presented by New Jersey. 
The table belonged to W. A. Washington. 

In the East Parlor, or Music Room. — Harpsichord, imported from 
East London (cost $1,000) as bridal present from Washington to Nellie Custis. 
Parlor Presented to the Association in i860 by Mrs. Robert E. Lee. Many of 
the ivories are missing. Flute,* rosewood, silver mounted. Panel of 
coach.* Card table* on which Washington and Lafayette played whist. 
The guitar and music book belonged to Washington's cousin, Mrs. 
Fauntleroy. The Venetian mirror is similar to one which hung here, and 



Mount Vernon. 



145 







EAST PARLOR OR MUSIC ROOM. 



the upholstering, in musical and floral designs, is a reproduction of the East Parlor 
original. Photo copy of pastel of Nellie Custis when a girl. 

In the cabinet: Plan* of piazza tiles, spectacles,* Pallissy china figure,* 
champagne glasses,* preserve dish,* steel camp fork,* cans,* silver heel 
of slipper worn by Martha Washington; blue and gold dishes, part of 
the dessert set given by Lafayette. The china plate was Mrs. Fauntle- 
roy's. Lock of Washington's hair. Photograph of Uzal Knapp, last 
survivor of Washington's Life Guard; born at Stamford, Conn., 1758; 
died at New Windsor, N. Y., 1856; his grave is at the foot of the flag- 
staff before Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh. 

In the West Parlor the window cornices and curtain bands are relics West Parlor 
of the days before George Washington came to live here, and the paint- 
ing of Vernon's Fleet, which hangs over the mantel, is one the Admiral 
presented to Lawrence Washington ; the family arms are displayed here. 
Several of the chairs belonged to Washington ; the chair in brown and 
gold was in the dining room. The white enamel chair, with pink and 
cream brocaded satin, came from the Chateau de Chavagniac, the birth- 
place of Lafayette; it was presented to the Association by Senator Edmond 
de Lafayette, a grandson of the Marquis. Another reminder of the part 
of France in the Revolutionary War is found in the portrait of Louis 
XVI., which is from the same plate as, and supplies the place of, the 
portrait which Louis sent to Washington as a token of his esteem. The 
rug was made by order of Louis XVI. of France for Washington, but 
as the President was not permitted to receive presents from foreign 



146 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



powers, it was sold, being bought by Judge Jasper Yates, of Lancaster, 
Pa., by whose great granddaughter, Mrs. Sarah Yates Whelen, it was 
presented to the Regents in 1897. It is of a dark green ground ; in the 
centre is the American eagle surrounded with stars. 
Library In the Library one notes, not without curiosity, the titles of the 
books which made up the reading of the master of Mount Vernon, as 
soldier, statesman and farmer; for while the books are not those actually 
owned by Washington, they are for the most part duplicates of such 
works as were here in his day. Nearly the whole of the original Wash- 
ington library is now in the Boston Athenaeum. Within the bookcase is 
Washington's silver inkstand, with silver snuffers and tray. 

Among the other relics of Washington are two chairs ; a surveyor's 
tripod. The copies of Stuart's unfinished portraits of George and Martha 
Washington are justly admired; the originals, owned by the Boston 
Athenaeum, are in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston ; they were painted 
from life in 1795. This Stuart is known as "the standard head" of 
Washington, and the portraits are the ones which have been chosen for 
reproduction in this volume. The bronze bust is from the original by 
Houdon. There are medallions of Washington and Lafayette. A plaster- 
of-paris globe,* and a photo of Gilbert Stuart; portrait of John Adams. 
A frame contains portraits of sixty generals of the Revolution. 
Family The Family Dining Room is adorned with a Chippendale sideboard 
Dining which belonged to Washington, and was presented to the Association by 
Room ]\j rs R b ert: £ L ee ji le c hj na j n the corner cupboard is a reproduc- 
tion of the set presented to Mrs. Washington by the officers of the French 
fleet in 1792; each piece is inscribed with the monogram M. W. in a 
wreath of olive and laurel, and with a chain whose links contain the 




WASHINGTON S LIBRARY. 



Mount Vernon. 



147 




MRS. WASHINGTON S SITTING ROOM. 



names of the fifteen States of the period. The liquor case was presented 
to Washington by Lord Fairfax. Among contemporary furnishings are 
two cutlery cases, a cut glass decanter, andirons and fender from the 
Rutledge home. The fireplace backing is from Belvoir, the country home 
of Lord Fairfax. There is a bust of Washington with the jewel of a 
Grand Master. Generals Moultrie, Pickens, Marion and Sumter and 
Baron De Kalb are represented by portraits in oil ; and there is a portrait 
of Miss Cunningham, with whom originated the purpose of preserving 
Mount Vernon. The stucco ceiling is the original ; it has been repaired 
and painted. 

In Mrs. Washington's Sitting Room is a mirror on a card table and nrs. Wash- 
a mirror used in the Philadelphia house occupied by the Washingtons ; a ington'sSit= 
framed copy of the Washington pedigree; candelabrum and silver candle- tmg R° om 
stick owned by the Washington family; an engraving of Savage's Wash- 
ington ; four prints which hung here in Washington's day — The Siege, 
two of The Defense, and the Relief of Gibraltar. There is also a por- 
trait of Miss Cunningham. 

In the Banquet Hall. — The central ornament is the mantelpiece, of Banquet Hail 
Carrara and Siena marble, carved in Italy and presented to Washington 
by Samuel Vaughan, of London. The story goes that on its way to 
America the mantel was taken by French pirates, who sent it to its desti- 
nation uninjured when they learned that it belonged to Washington. The 
panels, attributed to Canova, are carved to represent pastoral scenes. 
The stucco designs of the ceiling and walls, symbolic of agriculture, are 



148 Washington, the Nation's Capital. 

Banquet suggestive that the host who presided here was himself a farmer. On a 
Ha " mahogany claw-foot dining table, after the style of the one here originally, 
is seen the plateau of mirrored glass and silver used by Washington on 
occasions of state dinners. 

The most notable portrait is Rembrandt Peak's Washington be- 
fore Yorktown; the canvas contains also portraits of Hamilton, Knox, 
Lincoln, Lafayette and Rochambeau. The walnut frame was made from 
a tree on the estate of Robert Morris. Other portraits are : Copy, by 
Clark Mills, of Houdon's bust; copies of originals by Stuart, Trumbull, 
Elizabeth Sharpless; a miniature by Bone after the Lansdowne Stuart; 
and a silk copy woven in black and white of the Stuart head, done in 
France. There is a copy of Richardson's "Character of Washington." The 
silken banner with the arms of Great Britain was presented by General 
Grant. The two oil paintings* (by Beck) of the Great Falls of the Poto- 
mac, and the Potomac above the Great Falls hang in the dining room ; 
they were painted from points chosen by Washington. There is a water 
color of Sulgrave Manor, the English home of the Washingtons ; Washing- 
ton College, Little Brington and Great Brington Church (containing tombs 
of the Washingtons), England. 

Other objects in this room which belonged to Washington are: Model 
of the Bastille, French clock, two porcelain vases and two silver bracket 
lamps, mirror with coat-of-arms, two mahogany flower-stands, foot-bench 
formerly in his pew in old Trinity Church in New York, portrait of David 
Rittenhouse. 

In the cabinet is shown Washington's punchbowl, presented by Mrs. J. 
V. R. Townsend, of New York, Regent. A strand of Washington's hair; 
and one of Martha Washington's. Copy in silk embroidery by a daughter 
of Sharpless of that artist's portrait of Washington. Satin belt worn by 
one of the 3,000 schoolgirls who in 1824 welcomed Lafayette. Cup belong- 
ing to Col. Jno. Washington; plate belonging to Chas. Washington; mus- 
tard cup used by Washington. Champagne glass* and jelly glasses.* 

In the sideboard, which was given by the grandsons of Eleanor Parke 
Custis, are spoon,* topaz shoe-buckle,* button from military uniform,* 
Japanese dressing case,* silver toilet articles.* Some of the Mt. Vernon 
china. Mrs. Washington's needle book. Old point lace worn by Mrs. 
Washington; chair cushion worked by her; three letters written by her to 
Nellie Custis ; two letters written by C. P. Custis to his mother. Bit of 
Washington's coffin. The sideboard also contains Martha Washington's 
ivory fan, exquisitely carved and painted, and remnants and pieces of dress 
goods worn by her. A brick from Fraunce's Tavern, New York City, in 
which occurred Washington's "immortal farewell" to his officers. 
^IJpper The Upper Rooms. — In the Upper Hall the cabinet contains several 
relics of Washington, including a suit of clothes, a velvet waistcoat, silk 
stockings, compass, reading glass and fire buckets. A quilt and a piece 
of knitting were made by Washington's niece, Frances W. Ball. Quilt 
made by Mrs. Washington of pieces of her gowns for her nephew, Judge 
Halyburton; bedspread given by her to Ann Jacobus. Powder horn used by 



Rooms 



Mount Vernon. 



149 




.:■■•' ■■'■■■: ■■■■ .,. 
THE ROOM IN WHICH WASHINGTON DIED. 

minute man at Concord ; one of the Charleville muskets brought to America 
by Lafayette. 

The Room in which Washington Died is the south bedroom; off Washington'* 
from it open a .dressing room and a linen closet. The furniture is that R° om 
which was used by Washington; the bedstead is the one upon which he 
died, and on the chair, at the moment of his death, lay the open Bible from 
which Mrs. Washington had been reading to him. The mahogany table 
was here. The haircloth coach chest bears the intials G. W. and the 
date 1775 ; the chair cushions were embroidered by Mrs. Washington for 
her granddaughter, Eliza P. Custis ; and the dimity chair cover, with its 
design of a vase of flowers, is a specimen of the needlework of Washing- 
ton's niece, Frances Washington Ball. The large chair belonged to Wash- 
ington^ mother. Secretary* loaned by Gen. G. W. Custis Lee. The toilet 
case was Mrs. Washington's. In the hall are framed twenty-three portraits 
of Washington, presented by Hampton L. Carson. 

Mrs. Washington's Room is in the attic. After the death of General Hrs. 
Washington the south bedroom was closed, in accordance with a custom of Washington's 
the time, to be left vacant for the space of three years; and Mrs. Washing- 
ton occupied the room directly above, choosing it because the dormer 
window overlooked the grave of her husband. It was here that she died. 
The furniture and hangings are reproductions of the originals. 

Miss Custis's Room was the one occupied by Eleanor Parke Custis. Miss Custis's 
It is quaintly furnished with high bed reached by carpeted steps, antique Room 
mirror, and chest of drawers with brass handles fashioned in the design 
of a recumbent lion. The table cover and the lion device of the stool were 



i5o 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




MRS. WASHINGTON S BED ROOM. 



Lafayette's 
Room 



River 
Room 



embroidered by her. The folding washstand and one of the chairs came 
from the home of Charles Carroll of Carrollton ; and one reflects that 
these might have belonged co Nellie Custis herself, had she favored the 
suit. of the son of Carroll, who came to Mount Vernon to seek her hand. 
On the mantel is a framed autograph letter of Lawrence Lewis. 

Lafayette's Room was the one which the Marquis occupied when a 
guest here. There is an engraved copy of the Lafayette portrait by Ary 
Scheffer (in the Capitol), and other pictures are engraved portraits of 
Washington (the Lansdowne Stuart), of Martha Washington, painted by 
Wallaston as the Bride of Mount Vernon; William Pitt and Baron Steu- 
ben. The walnut stand was made from wood from the estate of Robert 
Morris. The embroidered fruit piece is a specimen of the needlework of 
the days of the Revolution. 

The River Room contains a chair which came to America with the May- 
flower, or soon after. The bedstead was used by Washington in Pennsyl- 
vania in 1777. In the Green Room the bedstead is associated with the 
history of the Mount Vernon household ; it belonged to Mrs. Washington's 
brother-in-law, Colonel Bassett, and was the one upon which John Custis 
died, at Eltham, during the siege of Yorktown. In one of the window 
panes, more than a hundred years ago, Eliza P. Custis, one of Mrs. Wash- 
ington's grandchildren, cut with a diamond her name and the date Aug. 2, 
1792 ; and it is here to-day. The mirror over the mantel and the corner 
chair belonged to W. A. Washington. In the cabinet : Pincushion made 
from Mrs. Washington's wedding dress; needle case made from dress worn 



Mt. Vernon. 



151 




GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
The Stuart Portrait in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. 



152 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



by her at the last President's levee in Philadelphia ; pen with which con- 
tract for purchase of Mt. Vernon was signed. 

In the Connecticut Room may be seen an old-fashioned fire screen, with 
adjustable frame, by which the embroidered shield may be raised 01 
lowered at pleasure. Two cutlery cases attract attention in the North 
Carolina Room, and the counterpane is valued for its age of a hundrec 
years and more. The hornets' nest is from Mecklenburg county. Col 




THE STUART PORTRAIT OF MARTHA WASHINGTON. 
Painted from Life in 1795. 

Tarleton called Mecklenburg the Hornets' Nest because of the nghtiilj 
qualities of the Revolutionary soldiers who came from there. The Eng 
lish bedstead in the Florida Room was brought to this country by way o 
Bermuda. The mahogany chairs in the District of Columbia Room be 
longed originally to Mount Vernon. The upper north chamber contains 
very curious old print, the Shade of Washington. It pictures the Olc 
Tomb, with overhanging trees, whose trunks and branches are so dis, 
posed as to outline the shadowy form of Washington. 





h % 



154 



Washington, the Nations Capital. 







THE OLD TOMB. 



Upper The Rhode Island Room, one of the upper rooms in the restorec 
Rooms east q Uar ters, contains among other relics a table upon which was spread 
out for discussion the plans of the battles of Bunker Hill, Lexington anc 
Concord. Tennessee's Room here is furnished in Colonial style, witl, 
furniture made of Tennessee wild cherry. 
Kitchen The culinary art is no longer practiced in the kitchen, although ih« 
crane still hangs in the great fireplace and the brick oven is well pre! 
served ; here one may buy milk, photographs, books and a copy of Wash 
ington's will. The old hominy mortar is in the superintendent's office. Tin 
outbuildings comprise the customary appendages of a Virginia home- 
butler's house, meat-house, wash-house, ice-house, spinning-house, green 
house. 

The sun dial on the west lawn was erected by citizens of Rhode Islam 
in 1888, to replace the one which stood in this exact spot in the time 
Washington. Horas non numero nisi serenas, runs the motto — I recon 
none but sunny hours. 



sun Dial 



Tomb The Tomb of Washington is a severely plain structure of brick, with a 
arched gateway in front, above which a marble slab is inscribed, "With 
in this inclosure rest the remains of General George Washington.' 
Above the door of the tomb are the words : "I am the Resurrection an< 
the Life. He that believeth in Me, though he were dead, yet shall h 
live." In the ante-chamber are seen the two marble sarcophagi. Th 
one on the right bears on its face the name of Washington, with chiselei 
coat-of-arms of the United States and a draped flag. One of the talon 
of the eagle in the coat-of-arms is missing; it was broken off by a vanda 
in war time. The other sarcophagus is inscribed, "Martha, Consort o 
Washington. Died May 21, 1801, aged 71 years." Curiously enough thi 
date is an error; it should have read 1802. This tomb is known as th 



Mt. Vernon. 



155 



New Tdnb, in distinction from the original one, on the right of the pain Tomb 
leading to the house. It was to the Old Tomb that Lafayette paid his 
[memorable visit in 1824. In 1S31 the tomb was broken into and rifled of 
I skull, which the dastard robber believed to be that of Washington, but 
Bvas proved not to be. The new and more secure vault was then made 
aready, and the remains were transferred to it. In 1837, John Struthers, of 
Philadelphia, having hewn the two sarcophagi, each from a single block 
M marble, and presented them for the purpose, the remains of Washing- 
Ion and Martha his wife were intrusted to their final keeping, and the key 
of the vault was cast into the Potomac. Within the vault rest forty mem- 
bers of the Washington, Custis and related families. Near by are placed 
monuments to the memory of four of them : Judge Bushrod Washington, 
ilrho inherited Mount Vernon ; his nephew, John A. Washington, who 
^succeeded him in tbe possession of the estate; Mrs. Eleanor Parke Lewis, 
,^vho was Nellie Custis ; and her daughter, Mrs. M. E. A. Conrad. 
[ Interest attaches to several trees near the Tomb which have been planted memorial 

s tributes to Washington. They may be identified by the numbers affixed Trees 

to them : 

tfo. 1. Elm, planted in 1876 by Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil. 

STo. 2. Maple, planted Oct. 31, 1881, by the Temperance Ladies of America. 

No. 3. British Oak, planted by request of H. R. H. Prince of Wales, to replace the 
memorial tree planted by him during his visit to Mount Vernon in 1860, 
which tree died. 

No. 4. Planted Nov. 29, 1890, by the Sigma Phi Fraternity (a college society). 




156 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



Hemorlal ^o. **• Concord Elm, planted April, 1897, by the Children of the American Revolutior 

Trees No. 6. White Oak, planted May 13, 1899, by the American Society of Civil Engineer: 

No. 7. German Linden, planted Feb. 27, 1902, by H. R. H. Prince Henry of Prussis 

No. 8. Elm, planted March 19, 1902, by the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity (a colleg 

society). 

Flower The Flower Garden is quaint with boxwood hedges, which are re 
Garden puted to have been set out more than a century and a half ago. In eac! 
plot on the side of the main walk the central space is occupied by a circtj 
lar bed, around which are disposed four oval and four triangular bed: 
the whole forming a square. Some of the beds near the greenhouses arj 
very intricate and curious in design. The Kentucky coffee tree wa 
planted by Lafayette in 1824; and the four strawberry shrubs, or calycar 
thi, were sent to Washington by Jefferson from Monticello ; John Augus 
tine Washington named the shrubs after the four Presidents, Adaml 
Jefferson, Madison and Monroe. The hydrangea was planted here b 
Lafayette in 1824. A sago palm is the only greenhouse plant now livin 
which was at Mount Vernon in Washington's day. At the foot of tl 
garden is the famous Mary Washington rose, named by Washington fc 
his mother. Slips of this rose, cuttings from the willow which can 
from Napoleon's grave at St. Helena, young palms from the sago, and 
variety of shrubs and plants, are sold as souvenirs, the revenue thus ol 
tained going to the support of Mount Vernon. For nearly thirty years tr 1 
garden has been in charge of Mr. Franklin A. Whelan, to whose intell 
gent care its present admirable condition is largely due. 

Washington devoted much attention to the selection and cultivation < 
trees for the adornment of Mount Vernon; and many which he set 01 





WASHINGTON S BARN, MOUNT VERNON. 



ML Vernon. 



157 




THE RIVER ROOM. 



md cared for are still flourishing and command admiration. Near the Trees 
lutler's house is the magnolia which was brought by him from the James 
iiver in 1799, the last year of his life. 

The elm in one of the mounds near the entrance to the grounds was a 
lip from the Washington elm in Cambridge ; it was sent to Mount Ver- 




MOUNT VERNON FROM THE WEST, 






,. 



I J 










Photo copyright, 1898, by Leet Bros. 



WASHINGTON 



i 




VERNON, VA. 



i6o 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 



barn 



Deer 
Park 



non by Miss Alice Longfellow, Vice-Regent for Massachusetts, and 
planted by Mrs. Cleveland. 

The Barn was built by Lawrence Washington in 1753 with bricks im- 
ported from England. In the coach house is Washington's carriage, 
known as the "lost coach," which was recovered and presented to the 
Association in 1895 by Mr. R. I. Brownfield, of Philadelphia. The sum- 
mer-house in front of the mansion was restored with funds contributed 
by school children of Louisiana. The deer park under the hill, originally 
established by Washington in 1785, was restored in 1887 by the sons of the 
late Mrs. Robert Campbell, Vice-Regent for Missouri of the Mount 
Vernon Ladies' Association. It contains several Virginia deer. 



From Washington to Mount Vernon through Old Virginia. 

The trip to Mount Vernon via the all-rail route of the electric trains 
along the beautiful Virginia shores of the Potomac River is a most en- 
joyable and interesting manner of making this patriotic pilgrimage. Com- 
petent guides accompany each train, who point out and explain the many 
points of historical and traditional interest in which the section traversed 
abounds. Leaving the conveniently located station at I3 1 A Street and 
Pennsylvania Avenue, these swift and comfortable electric trains pass 
the Washington Monument, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the 
Agricultural Department, and cross the Potomac into Virginia via the 
famous Long Bridge, across which the Federal armies marched in the 

___ Civil War. On the Virginia 

heights on the right is Arlington, 
the former home of Robert E. Lee 
and now the Arlington National 
Cemetery. It has already been 
described in an earlier chapter. 

Fort Runyon, the base of the 
first picketing and skirmishing of 
the great civil strife; the old 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, first 
ground for which was broken by 
President John Quincy Adams, 
July 4th, 1828; Abington, the old 
colonial homestead where Nellie 
Custis, the adopted daughter of 
Gen. Washington, was born ; the 
stream upon which Gen. Washing- 
ton's mills were located; the old 
St. Asaph race track, and the 
heights upon which Gen. Braddock 
and his army camped before that 
disastrous campaign against the 

Indians in the Ohio Valley, are all 
Steps of Old City Hotel where Washington „„;„«.„ / 4 ~„a „„ j „i^„^„i „ „i„:„„j 

made his last farewell address. pointed out and cleverly explained. 




Mt. Vernon. 



161 




WASHINGTON'S PEW IN CHRIST CHURCH. 



At Alexandria stop-over privilege is allowed in order that the many Alexandr 
points of note may be visited. Christ Church, containing the unaltered 
pews of Gen. George Washington and Gen. Robert E. Lee, both of whom 
were vestrymen; the engine house of the old Friendship Fire Company, 
organized in 1774, and of which company Washington was a member; 
the Marshall House, where Col. Ellsworth met his tragic death for tearing 
down a Confederate flag at the outbreak of the Civil War; the old City 
Hotel, that historic hostelry, from the steps of which Washington gave 
his last military command in 1799, also his headquarters, and where the 
22d of February was first celebrated at a "Birth-Night Ball" given in his 
honor; the Masonic Lodge room where Washington presided as worship- 
ful master; the Carlyle House, built in 1752, Gen. Braddock's headquarters, 
and where Washington received his first commission, as well as numerous 
other places rich in the lore of colonial and Civil War time, annually 
attract thousands of tourists. 

After leaving Alexandria, the Episcopal Theological Seminary, where 
Phillips Brooks and Bishop Potter graduated for the ministry; the Old 
Kings Highway, traveled by Washington on his way to and from Alex- 
andria, and over which Sherman marched with his army from the sea ; 
Mount Eagle, formerly the house of Byron Fairfax, son of William of 
Belvoir, and brother-in-law of Lawrence Washington, the founder of Mt. 
Vernon ; the estate of Geo. Mason, author of Virginia's Constitution and 
Bill of Rights ; the ancient settlement of Piscataway, where the first print- 
ing press was set up in the colonies, and which contains old Broad Creek 



1 62 Washington, the Nations Capital. 




CHRIST CHURCH (WASHINGTON'S CHURCH). 






Church, erected in 1694; Wellington, the home of Col. Tobias Lear, Gen. 
Washington's secretary ; the old Yorktown road, down which came the 
armies of Washington, Lafayette and Wayne on their way to Yorktown 
in 1781, and the site of the Indian settlement of Assaomeck, where Capt. 
John Smith stopped and held parley with the Indians in 1607, all bring 
forcibly to mind the scenes and associations of this vastly interesting his- 
torical country. Fort Washington and Fort Hunt may be seen, shortly 
after which the terminus at Mount Vernon is reached. The round trip 
via this line may be made in three hours, allowing one hour and twenty 
minutes on the grounds. 



ALEXANDRIA. 



Church 



Alexandria is & miles from Washington. The route is via the Washington, Alexandria 
& Mt. Vernon Railway from station, 13J^ street and Pennsylvania avenue. 

President Washington's pew in Christ Church, Alexandria, is still 

1 preserved as it appeared when occupied by the family. One may make 

the visit to Alexandria in connection with the Mount Vernon trip. The 

i church is closed on week days, but the sexton is usually on the premises 

i from 9 o'clock until 5, and will obligingly open the door on request. 

The church is on Washington street. 

Fairfax Parish, to which Alexandria belongs, was created in 1765 ; and 
;iamong the first vestrymen chosen was George Washington, then thirty- ^, hrist , 
[three years of age. Christ Church was completed on Feb. 27, 1773, and 
on the same day Colonel Washington subscribed the highest price paid 
iff or a pew, £36 10s., contracting further to pay for it an annual rental 
jof £5 sterling. 

The pews, which originally were square, were changed — all but Wash- 
ington's — to the present sytle in i860. Other alterations of the interior 
ivwere made in later years; but a wiser afterthought has restored the church 
"to the style of the Colonial days. The sounding-board and the wine-glass 
pulpit are facsimiles of the originals. The chancel rail and the mural tab- 
lets of the Lord's Prayer and the Apostles' Creed were here in Washing- 
ton's time; the communion table, reading desk and chairs are those which 
were used then; and so likewise is the crystal chandelier of solid brass 
iwith its twelve candlesticks to typify the Twelve Apostles. In the old 
Idays candles were used to light the church ; on the pillars may still be 
ldetected beneath the paint the marks of the sconces and tinder box. The 
baptismal font dates from 1818. 

Washington's pew, Nos. 59 and 60, is on the left side, near the front, 
land is marked by a silver plate with facsimile of his autograph ; it has two 
iseats, one facing the other, and a third cross seat against the wall ; the 
pew is now reserved for strangers. Across the aisle is the pew which 
was occupied by the Lees ; its silver plate bears the name of Robert E. 
Lee in autograph. Twin mural tablets set in place in 1870 are inscribed 
in memory of George Washington and. Robert Edward Lee. 

In the vestry room may be seen the record of Washington's purchase 
of his pew in 1773; and the first Bible and Church Service, the Bible bear- 
ing an Edinburgh imprint of 1767. The long-handled purses used in 
Washington's time for the offerings are perhaps the most curious of all 
e Alexandria relics of old days and old ways. 

163 



Washington's 
Pew 



164 



Washington, the Nation's Capital. 




BLUE ROOM OF THE CARLYLE HOUSE. 



Second only to Christ Church in interest of historical associations is 
Carlyle t ] le Carlyle House, on the corner of Fairfax and Cameron streets. Built 
hy John Carlyle in the year 1752, at a period when Alexandria was the 
metropolis of the British Empire in America, the house had full share 
with the town in events which were portentous of revolution. It was 
the time of the French and Indian Wars, and Gen. Braddock had come 
to America to assume command of the British forces. Here had repaired, 
to confer with him, the Governors of six of the colonies — Shirley of 
Massachusetts, DeLancey of New York, Morris of Pennsylvania, Sharpe 
of Maryland, Dinwiddie of Virginia and Dobhs of North Carolina. By 
invitation of Mr. Carlyle they met in the blue room of the mansion. The 
chief purpose was to devise means for raising revenue for the support of 
service in North America ; and it was resolved that the Governors having j 
found it impracticable to obtain in their respective governments the pro- 
portion expected by His Majesty, "they are unanimously of the opinion 
that it should be proposed to His Majesty's ministers to find out some 1 
method compelling them to do it." When the Alexandrians heard of this 
resolution of the congress they met in the court house opposite the Car- 
lyle House, and, with George Washington in the chair, resolved: "That 
taxation and representation are in their nature inseparable." The action 
of the six Governors was received in like spirit by the Colonies ; and 
thus the Congress of Alexandria, as the meeting in Mr. Carlyle's blue 1 
room was known, contributed largely to the growing discontent which 



Alexandria. 



165 




CARLYLE HOUSE — EAST FRONT. 



\wenty years later found expression in the Revolution. To the Carlyle Carlyle 
House came George Washington, summoned from Mount Vernon by House 
Braddock, who offered him a commission as Major in the British Army; 
and it was in the Carlyle House that, contrary to Washington's advice, 
Braddock's disastrous expedition to Fort Duquesne was resolved upon. 
From his early manhood until his death Washington was a frequent and 
welcome guest in the house. "Lodg'd at Col. Carlyle's" is an entry often 
repeated in his diary. 
There has recently been formed the "Society for the Restoration of 



Carlyle 
House 



166 Washington, the Nations Capital. 

Historic Alexandria," and the first effort of the society is to restore the 
Carlyle House, to tear down the buildings which shut it in, and to assure 
its care and keeping for the future. The house was solidly built and is 
to-day in good preservation. There are still some of the original chairs, 
hall seats and other pieces of furniture, with a grandfather's clock which 
for more than a century ticked the time in the Carlyle mansion. The 
building is open from 10 to 5 daily, except Sunday, and will well repay 
a visit. To pay expenses an admittance fee of ten cents is charged. 
Marshall Another Alexandria landmark is the Marshall House, on King street, I 
House where the Ellsworth tragedy occurred at the outbreak of the Civil War. I 
In the spring of 1861 Alexandria was held by Confederates, and the Con- I 
federate flags were visible from Washington, one flag in particular, over I 
the Marshall House, a tavern kept by James Jackson, was the subject of I 
remark by President Lincoln. Among the Federal troops who took the I 
town on the night of May 23 were the New York Fire Zouaves, under 
command of Col. E. E. Ellsworth. At dawn, the Marshall House flag, I 
still flying from its staff, Ellsworth entered the house, went to the roof and 
tore down the obnoxious colors. As Ellsworth was coming down stairs, 
Jackson emerged from one of the rooms . armed with a double-barreled i 
shotgun, raised his gun and discharged it at the Colonel, who was killed 
instantly. Jackson then turned his gun on others of the Zouaves, but was 
killed by them before he could pull the trigger. 

Down the Historic Potomac. 

From their wharf at the foot of 7th street the steamers ot the Norfolk 
and Washington Line leave daily for Fortress Monroe and Norfolk. The 
sail on the historic Potomac River, Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads, 
with a charming view from the river of Washington and Norfolk, as they 
are approached by daylight, makes this one of the. most delightful and I 
interesting trips on our continent. The steamer passes in full view of 1 
many places rich in historic associations, such as Alexandria, Fort Foote, 1 
Fort Washington, Mount Vernon (the home and resting-place of Wash- 
ington), Indian Head (now used by the Government as the proving j 
ground for heavy ordnance), Evansport, Acquia Creek, Mathias Point j 
(on the Virginia shore, where heavy batteries were erected by the Con- ] 
federate army), Wakefield (the birthplace of Washington), and Point j 
Lookout (on the Maryland shore, used during the war as a prison for 1 
Confederates). At Point Lookout the steamer enters Chesapeake Bay, j 
one of the most beautiful bodies of water in the world. After an enjoy- j 
able sail of four hours Fortress Monroe is reached, and Old Point. 

The steamer then proceeds through Hampton Roads, made memorable 
by the great naval conflict between the Monitor and the Merrimac. 
Sewall's Point and Craney Island, where heavy batteries were erected 
by the Confederate army, are soon sighted ; and then Norfolk and Ports- 
mouth, with the Government Navy Yard. At Norfolk connection is made 
with Old Dominion Line for New York. |LJ X Q Q C / 










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Ready Reference Map of 



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